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Academic research designs
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RESEARCH DESIGN
B Y
C E O C H O N O G O R
O C H O N E C @ U N I S A . A C . Z A
I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y E D U C AT I O N
U N I V E R S I T Y O F S O U T H A F R I C A , P R E T O R I A
AT T H E
I S T E I N T E R N AT I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y E D U C AT I O N, 2 4 O C T O B E R , 2 0 1 3
Meaning of Research Design Justification for research design in a
research process Types of Research Designs Forms of Quasi-Experimental Designs Mixed methods designs
To be considered are:
As the structural scaffold of a research
Is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research problems and to control variance (Kerlinger)
Meaning of Research Design
A good research design enables the researcher to carry out research in a proper and systematic way
It gives direction the course of the research
It gives credibility to the results of a given research (increasing maximum efficiency and reliability)
It acts as a firm foundation for the entire research
Justification for research design in a research process
Reduces inaccuracy
eliminates bias and marginal errors
Determines the type of analysis and testing of hypothesis to be done with data collected
Determines the type of statistical tools required to analyse the collected data.
Justification for research design in a research process cont`d
Types of Research Designs
Types of Research Designs Cont`d
R shows randomised group
O is observation or measure
N is Non-equivalent group
X is treatment or programme
C is for control group(s) where applicable
Design Notations
X O The One-Shot Case Study Design Multigroup Posttest-Only Design
Experimental Group 1 X O1
Experimental Group 2 X O1
Experimental Group 3 X O1
Experimental Group 4 X O1
Some Design Representations
• Longitudinal Case Study Design
X O1 O2 O3 ….On
• One-Group Pretest Postest Design O1 X O2
• Static-Group Comparison or Comparison Group Posttest-Only Design
Experimental Group X O1
Comparison Group O1
Some Design Representations Cont`d
* Randomised One-Group Posttest-Only Design R X O1
• Static-Group Comparison or Comparison Group Pretest Posttest Design
O1 X O2
O1 O2
• Interrupted Time-Series Design O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
Some Design Representations Cont`d
Descriptive (e.g. case-study, naturalistic observation, survey
Correlational (e.g. case-study , observational study) Semi-experimental (e.g. field experiment, quasi-
experiment) Pre-experimental Designs (One-Shot or One Group
Posttest-Only Design, Multigroup Posttest- Only Design, Longitutidinal Case Design, One-Group Pretest Posttest Design)
Experimental (e.g. experiment with random assignment) – such as the Solomon Four-Group Design and Switching Replications Design.
Types of Research Designs Cont`d
Review (Literature review, Systematic review)
Meta-analytic (Meta-analysis) Ex Post Facto Design
Types of Research Designs Cont`d
MIXED METHODS (QUAN and QUAL) as a methodology involves philosophical assumptions to guide the collection and analysis of data using QUAN and QUAL approaches.
As a method, it focuses on collecting and analysing data using QUAN and QUAL approaches.
Mixed methods designs
Merge the data
Connect the data
Embed the data
(Creswell & Clark, 2007)
Three ways of mixing QUAN AND QUAL DATA
QUAL DATA Results QUAN DATA
QUAL DATA Results
QUANT DATAQUAL DATA
QUAN DATA
Results
Triangulation Design (Simple; Convergence Model; Data Transformation Model; Validating Quantitative Data Model; and Multilevel Model)
Embedded Design (Garacelli & Greene, 1997)
Explanatory Design Exploratory Design
Four major types of Mixed Methods Designs
Non-equivalent Groups Design
Pretest-Posttest Design
Interrupted Time-Series Design (with multiple pretests and multiple posttests- it provides greater confidence that the change in the dependent variable was caused by the manipulation and not just a random fluctuation. (Price and Oswald, 2006, 2008)
Static Group Comparison Control Design
Forms of Quasi-Experimental Designs
Designs may be generally classified into two:
1. Fixed designs
2. Flexible designs
Classification of Research Designs
Where the design of a study is fixed or determined before the main stage of data collection.
It is normally theory driven to determine in advance which variables are to be measured.
It is useful in quantitative and mixed methods researches.
Fixed designs
where variables are not easily measured quantitatively such as culture
Flexible designs
Pretest-Posttest Design: Cannot be completely sure that the observed change in the dependent variable was caused by the manipulation of the independent variable.
The need for a control group.
Some Loop holes
Threats to Validity of Research Designs
History (between the 1st and 2nd second measurements)
Maturation of participants with time Testing effects Instrumentation: disposition of the
observers and scorers could produce changes in outcomes.
Statistical regression (regression to the mean) –
Bias in selection of participants
Factors that affect internal validity
Experimental mortality
John Henry effect
Factors that affect internal validity Cont`d
Single Group Threats
Qualitative titles do not suggest a comparison of groups or a relationship among variables. Rather they EXPLORE one idea (the central phenomenon) for an in-depth understanding leading to formulation of theories.
Quantitative titles compare groups or relate variables. They Test, Predict, Explain and Describe.
Tips for choosing appropriate research design
Title for mixed methods studies suggests a mixed methods approach and foreshadows the type of mixed methods design for the study.
To think of non-equivalent groups design, the groups must be as similar as possible. This helps to minimise or control extraneous variables
Tips for choosing appropriate research design Cont`d
Thank you all
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