Reference Sources

Reference SourcesReference Sources

Defining ReferenceDefining Reference

Reference Worksor

Reference Work

Reference Worksor

Reference Work

Defining Virtual Reference (VR)Defining Virtual Reference (VR)

(Nilsen, 2004)

Used Terms:Virtual referenceDigital reference

Electronic referenceRemote reference

Real-time reference

CategoriesCategories

DigitalConventional

The Information ProcessThe Information Process

“Alteration in the information process demand new skills from any professional in an

organization, particularly regarding digital information.”

Ferreira et al, 2007)

Available FeaturesAvailable Features

DigitalFace-to-PC

OPACSearch

ServicesDbases

Conventional

Face-to-facePhysical access

Real-timeCD ROMS

Skills NeededSkills Needed

DigitalConventional

Different FeaturesDifferent Features

• Boolean Operators (full-text; bibliographic dbases;

proximity: words must appear within n number of words);

• Relevancy Ranking (depends on the algorithm

software: frequency of search term & position of search term);

• Browsing Indexes(books: errors in databases are

bypassed);

• Truncation(internal: wom?n –

woman/womenexternal: comput? - …er, …ing);

• Field Searching(Author; Title; ISBN);

• Extent of Searching(to limit your search: Abstracts

only);• Case Sensitive (not often implemented…it is an additional burden on the user);

• Controlled Vocabulary(Dublin Core: Good [controlled,

professional], Bad [user may not be acquainted with particular terms]);• Language Translation

(useful at Universities, Eng vs US, different diacritics);

• Controlled Vocabulary(Dublin Core: Good [controlled,

professional], Bad [user may not be acquainted with particular terms]);• Language Translation

(useful at Universities, Eng vs US, different diacritics);

• Data Range(archival aspect of docs,

migration of data, new tech environment);• Refine Search• Related Items• Multimedia

(image, clip, voice, presentations)

• Advanced Search• Display Feature• Help Information

(Smith, 2000)

Service Aspects

Sources Aspects

Core CompetenciesCore Competencies

Service AspectsSources Aspects

“Core competencies are understood as: a proper attitude & capacity to

exercise a wide number of functions or occupy various positions, even simultaneously which requires

flexibility.”

Core CompetenciesCore Competencies

Attitudes

Skills

Knowledge

(Viles, 2009)

Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)

“an electronic mediation”“an electronic mediation”

Already in existence…• Answering

machine• Auto-reply email

• CCTV

Already in existence…• Answering

machine• Auto-reply email

• CCTV

(Keyama, 1999, p. 51 in Viles, 2009)

“an electronic mediation”“an electronic mediation”

“Cyberspace users prefer anonymity to in-person,

over-the-desk delivery of reference service.”

“Cyberspace users prefer anonymity to in-person,

over-the-desk delivery of reference service.”

(Ruppel & Fagan, 2002 in Nilsen, 2004

Physical Ref. vs VRPhysical Ref. vs VR

“Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library”

29% Staff did not look like they want to help; look too busy;

23% Felt stupid for not knowing the answer already;

17% Did not bother to go to the library;

(Ruppel & Fagan, 2002 in Nilsen, 2004

Physical Ref. vs VRPhysical Ref. vs VR

“Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library”

10% Did not think the person would know the answer;

23% Did not want to get up from the computer.

(Nilsen, 2004

Physical Ref. vs VRWriting vs SpeakingPhysical Ref. vs VRWriting vs Speaking

“It took me more to

compose my question than to ask face-

to-face”

“This seemed to be a very abrupt

response…I took the impression that

the librarian was slightly

exasperated with me”

(Nilsen, 2004)

ALA 2003“VR is, reference initiated

electronically, often in real-time, where users employ computers or

other Internet technology to communicate with librarians

without being physically present.”

ALA 2003“VR is, reference initiated

electronically, often in real-time, where users employ computers or

other Internet technology to communicate with librarians

without being physically present.”

(Nilsen, 2004)

ALA 2003“While online sources are often utilzed in provision of VR, use

of e-sources in seeking answers is not in itself VR.”

ALA 2003“While online sources are often utilzed in provision of VR, use

of e-sources in seeking answers is not in itself VR.”

(Nilsen, 2004)

ALA 2003“VR queries are often

followed-up by telephone, fax & regular email, even though

these models of communication are not considered virtual.”

ALA 2003“VR queries are often

followed-up by telephone, fax & regular email, even though

these models of communication are not considered virtual.”

(Coffman, 2002; Coffman & Arret, 2004 in Kwon, 2006)

• IT Infrastructure (PCs, Network, video/audio);• Time• Maintenance

“…it is estimated that approx. 76

collaborative VR services exist since 2004”

(Sloan, 2004 in Kwon, 2006)

“77% - very likely to use the service

again…68.2% - Excellent service

(n=417)”

“the quality of the information is the most important consideration in selecting an information source when the information sources

available to users are equivalent in their information-yielding potential.”

(Orr, 1970 in Bronstein, 2010)

Quality of InformationQuality of Information

(Bronstein, 2010)

Which Source?Which Source?

(Bronstein, 2010)

Which Source?Which Source?

(Bronstein, 2010)

Missing…or?Missing…or?

Academic DatabasesPrinted Sources

Library Catalogues

Academic DatabasesPrinted Sources

Library Catalogues

(Bronstein, 2010)

“…accessibility of the source

and the quality…”

…speed & comfortabilityvs

…accuracy…reliability…authority

…speed & comfortabilityvs

…accuracy…reliability…authority

Internet: A Reference Source?Internet: A Reference Source?

“…If it looks good…it must be good.”

(Webb, 2008, p. 133)

IL…Research Skills…LLLIL…Research Skills…LLL

“IL skills, closely allied to research skills of academia, also require an ability to read and think critically, as well as to problem-solve effectively.”

(Webb, 2008, p. 128)

What’s Up?What’s Up?

(Boelens, 2011)

“Digital Natives” (Prensky, 2001)

“The informal learning environment of television, video games and the internet are producing learners with a new profile of cognitive skills.” (Greenfield, 2009)

“…the need to help children to use media and the Internet

safely and responsibly.” (Willard, 2007)

(Dewald & Silvius’s, 2005 in Bronstein, 2010)

“…Web's ease of use and timeliness contributed to its

heavy utilization. However, overall satisfaction

with library databases was higher

because of their accuracy and format. “

“…Web's ease of use and timeliness contributed to its

heavy utilization. However, overall satisfaction

with library databases was higher

because of their accuracy and format. “

(webb, 2008, pp. 20-21)

“…ICT facilitated the capture, storage and dissemination of

information…Easily accessible across time

zones & geographical boundaries.“

“…ICT facilitated the capture, storage and dissemination of

information…Easily accessible across time

zones & geographical boundaries.“

Information AccessInformation Access

• Will printed sources survive?

• Net Hype?• Out with the Old?• Who’s Effected? How?

• Will printed sources survive?

• Net Hype?• Out with the Old?• Who’s Effected? How?

www.infolitglobal.info/en

www.nso.gov.mt/site/page.aspx

www.um.edu.mt/library

www.time.com/timewww.economist.com

http://ec.europa.eu/old-address-ec.htm#contribution

www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco

http://research.allacademic.com

www.iwr.co.uk

http://international.loc.gov/intldl/intldlhome.htmlhttp://

informationr.net/

Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print

• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?

Monographs

JournalsJournals

• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?

• What Type of Effect?• What Type of Effect?

• What Type of Response?• What Type of Response?

• What type of Demand?• What type of Demand?

Any Reasons?Any Reasons?

Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital

• Online Docs

• Databases

BothMay beOpen

OrClosed Access

Write them down...in Groups if you

like...

Write them down...in Groups if you

like...

• Know the Research Question Well• Know the Research Question Well

• Know the Research Question Well

• Know the Db you are using

• Know the Topic (well?)

Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital• Know the Research Question Well

• Keywords (vital)

• Read the Abstract (necessary)

• Compare with other Sources (book/Journal)

• Start building your "background information"

• Become aware of any developments of the Topic

• Take the necessary notes including the Bibliographic details

• Familiarize yourself with Authors

• What type of Demand?• What type of Demand?

Any Reasons?Any Reasons?

Any Cost?Any Cost?

Ground Rules for Assignment Writing

1000w = 6 sources

Click video clip to Play

1000w = 6 sources

+/- 10% rule (of Total)

Introduction/Ending ~ 10% of Total

References (referred-to resources)

Bibliography (resources read but not cited)

Citation Method

Citation MethodsCitation Methods

Author, Date (Harvard)

Turabian

Author’s Name: In-Text citation

In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994).

http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/

Harvard_referencing_2010.pdf

Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).

Journal Articles: Reference List Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth look. Political Science Quarterly, 42(6), pp.564-78.

Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.

Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing today, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.

Corporate Authors: In-Text Citation 1st citation:

… research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has shown that …

2nd citation:

More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines

http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/

Harvard_referencing_2010.pdf

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/

Book with One Author: Reference List

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print.

Book with One Author: In-Text Citation: Adding own Words

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

Same Author: Reference List

Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. [...]

---. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]

APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/

APACitationMethods.pdf

One Author: In-Text Citation

Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new curricula.

No Author: In-Text Citation

Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer months (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77).

Old Works, date not applicable: In-Text Citation

Aristotle argues . . . (trans. 1922).

One Author: Reference List

Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press.

No Author: Reference List

The Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Journal Article: Reference List

Tyson, P. A., & Gordon, M. G. (1998). The Psychology of women. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.

Electronic Source: From the Dbase: Reference List

Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrieved from the Lexis Nexis Academic database.

Turabianhttp://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/

turabian.htm

One Author: In-Text Citation

These are multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war (Yarbrough 1999, 84).

turabian.htm

One Author: Reference List

Yarbrough, Stephen R. 1999. After rhetoric: The study of discourse beyond language and culture. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press

turabian.htm

Editor as Author: In-Text Citation

These are multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war (Roe 1995, 22)

Editor as Author: Reference ListRoe, Nicholas, ed. 1995. Keats and history. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Citation ToolsCitation Tools

Ground Rules for Web Evaluation

Type of Website

Authors

Dates: Creation & Update

Type of URL

Note TakingNote Taking

NotesWith

COMMENTS

Bibliographic Details

QUESTIONS

NotesWith

COMMENTS

QUESTIONS

NotesWith

COMMENTS

QUESTIONS

NotesWith

COMMENTS

QUESTIONS

NotesWith

COMMENTS

QUESTIONS

Group:Authors/Tags

1 Alphabetic Notes Dbase1 Alphabetic Notes Dbase

Author/s DoP Notes Tags

Howwould you know that,

“this” sourceis good?

Good Source ChecklistGood Source Checklist

Author•New•Known

Relevancy•Abstract•Scan paragraphs

Citation Analysis• Chain-linking

Good Source ChecklistGood Source Checklist

Citation Analysis• Chain-linking

AuthorReference

CheckCited

Authors

The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalPower Culture

(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalRole Culture

(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalTask Culture

(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalPeople Culture

(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)

Attitude of the Information ProfessionalAttitude of the Information Professional

“Knowledge Store”

(Evans, 2003, p. 253)

• An expertise Database (who is who and who is working on what);

• Capabilities Information (what people know or any working papers);

• A resource to support collaborative team work.

• An expertise Database (who is who and who is working on what);

• Capabilities Information (what people know or any working papers);

• A resource to support collaborative team work.

Thank you

research59@gmail.com

Thank you

research59@gmail.com

http://www.slideshare.net/ClaudioLaferla/reference-sources

ReferencesBronstein, J. (2010). “Selecting and using information sources: Source preferences and information pathways of Israeli library and information science”, Information Research, 15(4), viewed online on February 8, 2011, <http://informationr.net/ir/15-4/paper447.html>.

Evans, C. (2003). “Managing for knowledge: Hr’s strategic role”, Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam.

Ferreira, F. et al. (2007). “Information professionals in Brazil: Core competencies and professional development”, Information Research, 12(2), viewed online on July 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/12-2/paper299.html>.

Johson, C. A. (2004). “Choosing people: The role of social capital information seeking behaviour”, Information Research, 10(1) , viewed online on September 1, 2011, <http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper201.html>.

Kwon, N. (2006). “User satisfaction with referrals to a collaborative virtual reference service”, Information Research, 11(2), viewed online on May 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/11-2/paper246.html>.

Nilsen, K. (2004). “The library visit study: User experiences at the virtual reference desk”, Information Research, 9(2), viewed online on May 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/9-2/paper171.html>.

Smith, A. G. (2000). “Search features of digital libraries”, Information Research, 5(3), viewed online on July 10, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/5-3/paper73.html>.

Viles, A. (2009). “Discussion group on reference work report”, IFLA, viewed online on February 15, 2011, from <http://archive.ifla.org/VII/dg/dgrw/dp99-06.htm>.

Webb, J. (2008). “Strategic information management: A practitioner’s guide”, Chandos Pub., Oxford, England.

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