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Thinking Inside the Test Tube
Solut(ion) Chemistry
Simple Rules for Solubility1.1. Most nitrate (NOMost nitrate (NO33
) salts ) salts are solubleare soluble..
2.2. Most alkali (group 1A) salts and NHMost alkali (group 1A) salts and NH44++ are solubleare soluble..
3.3. Most ClMost Cl, Br, Br, and I, and I salts salts are soluble are soluble ((NOTNOT AgAg++, Pb, Pb2+2+, , HgHg22
2+2+))
4.4. Most sulfate salts Most sulfate salts are soluble are soluble ((NOTNOT BaSOBaSO44, PbSO, PbSO44, ,
HgSOHgSO44, CaSO, CaSO44))
5.5. Most OHMost OH salts salts are only slightly soluble are only slightly soluble (NaOH, KOH (NaOH, KOH are soluble, Ba(OH)are soluble, Ba(OH)22, Ca(OH), Ca(OH)22 are marginally soluble) are marginally soluble)
6.6. Most SMost S22, CO, CO3322, CrO, CrO44
22, PO, PO4433 salts salts are only slightly are only slightly
solublesoluble. .
Blinky or No Blinky?
Solute
Solvent
Cl- Na+
Solubility
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Cl- Na+
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Cl- Na+
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Cl- Na+
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Cl- Na+
Solubility
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Cl- Na+
Solubility
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Cl- Na+
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Water H(OH)
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Na+Cl-
Na+
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-Cl-
Na+Cl-
Na+
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Cl-Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Na+ Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+Cl-
Na+Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl- Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl- Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl- Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl- Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl- Cl-
Na+Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl- Cl-
Na+Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Na+Cl-
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Water H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Na+Cl-
(Animation)
Crystals of Silver Nitrate (AgNOCrystals of Silver Nitrate (AgNO33) and ) and
Potassium Chloride (KCl) are added to Potassium Chloride (KCl) are added to water.water.
AgN
o
o
o
K
Cl
AgN
o
o
o
K
Cl
AgN
o
o
oK
Cl
BEAKER
AgN
o
o
o
K
Cl
AgN
o
o
o
K
Cl
AgN
o
o
o
K
Cl
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1 N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Do you suppose anything else will happen?
Think, Pair, Share.....Think, Pair, Share.....
If so, what? If not, why not?If so, what? If not, why not?
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2K+1
Cl-1
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2 K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl-1
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
http://bhs.smuhsd.org/science-dept/marcan/apchemistry/Le_Chatlier%27s_Principle.html
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/chem3-5/qual_cat/graphics/procedure/proc6.gif
Insoluble compound
Think, Pair, Share......
What do you think this compound is made of?
Where is the "other stuff"
from the reaction?
PrecipitationQ: How do we know that AgCl is the Q: How do we know that AgCl is the
precipitate?precipitate?
A: Check your A: Check your Solubility RulesSolubility Rules page:page:
Rule #3Rule #3
" " Most ClMost Cl, Br, Br, and I, and I salts salts are soluble are soluble ((NOTNOT AgAg++, Pb, Pb2+2+, Hg, Hg22
22++) ) ""
Precipitation (Cont'd)Q: Why not KNOQ: Why not KNO33 too ? too ?
A: Check your A: Check your Solubility RulesSolubility Rules page: page:
Rule #2Rule #2
" " Most alkali (group 1A) salts and NHMost alkali (group 1A) salts and NH44++
are solubleare soluble. . ""
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
AgN+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
Ag
N+5
O-2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl
http://media.photobucket.com/image/AgCl/carriief/674px-Silver-chloride-3D-ionic.png
= Cl -1
= Ag +1
= K+1
= NO3 -1
Precipitation Reaction
Double Replacement Reaction
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