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“Democracy” is from Greek “Demokratia”
“Rule of the People”
“Demos” = “People”
“Kratos” = “Power”
The Parthenon in Athens, Greece
ROBERT DAHL CHARACTERISTICS
Effective Participation
Voting Equality
Enlightened Understanding
Control of the Agenda
Inclusion of Adults
Consolidation of power in hands of majority
Characterized by:
Exclusiveness
Competititveness
Adversarial Nature
What are the model’s traditional features?
Sharing of power for broader participation and agreement in govt.
Characterized by:
Inclusiveness
Bargaining
Compromise
What are the model’s traditional features?
Control of Military & Police by Elected Officials
Impact on Internal Sovereignty
Many governments in this region gained power by military coups
and other non-democratic means.
Costa Rica = Democracy
Control of Military & Police by Elected Officials
Democratic Beliefs and Political Culture
Citizen preference of democracy
Occurs through socialization
Reciting the Pledge of Allegiance in elementary school is an early
form of political socialization.
Control of Military and Police by Elected Officials
Democratic Beliefs and Political Culture
No Foreign Control Hostile to Democracy
Country cannot be influenced by non-democratic or authoritarian entity
Limited or No Cultural Conflict
“Us” vs. “Them”
Democratic Institutions amid Cultural Diversity?
▪ Assimilation
▪ Decision by Consensus
▪ Electoral Systems
▪ Separation
Modern Market Economy and Society
Democracy-Dictatorship Measure
Governmental Offices
▪ Chief Executive and Legislature are ELECTED
Contestation
▪ Uncertainty – Outcome NOT known beforehand
▪ Irreversibility – Winner of election actually takes office
▪ Repeatability – Elections occur at regular intervals
Democracy-Dictatorship Measure
POLITY Measure Competitiveness and Openness of Executive
Recruitment ▪ Can anyone run for president? (Restrictions in U.S.)
Regulation and Competitiveness of Political Participation ▪ How many political parties exist?
Democracy-Dictatorship Measure
POLITY Measure
Freedom House Measure Political Rights ▪ Electoral Process, Participation, Functioning of Govt.
Civil Rights ▪ Freedom of Expression, Rule of Law, Personal Autonomy
“BOTTOM-UP” PROCESS
Popular Uprising
Overthrow of Authoritarian
Regime
Democratization
“TOP-DOWN” PROCESS
Introduction of Reforms by Elite
Increasing Reforms
Democratization
Roots in Revolutions
• American
• French
Expansion of Franchise
• U.S.
• Europe
Receded by 1930s
• Military Coups
• Fascism
Origins in World War II
• Democracy in Europe
• Independence Movements
Receded by 1960s
• Military Coups and Dictatorships
• Cold War Politics
Democratic Governments
• Latin America
• Asia
Democracy in Europe
• Fall of Berlin Wall
Former Soviet Nations Declare Independence
• Lithuania
• Belarus
• Armenia
Structural vs. Contingent Approach
International vs. Domestic Approach
Economic vs. Political Approach
POLITICAL
Political Institutions
Globalization
ECONOMIC
Shocks and Crises
Composition of Wealth
Inter-Group Inequality
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