Philippines under Spanish, American & Japanese Colonization

Philippines under

Spanish, American &

Japanese Colonizatio

n

The Spanish Coloniza

tion

15th century-(1565-1898)

Philippines was invaded by Spain and reigned over the Philippines for 333 years.

Since Spain was far from the country , the Spanish king ruled the islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another colony.

1821Mexico regained its freedom , the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General.

THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE

Spain established centralized a colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENT that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

-maintained peace and order

-collected taxes-built schools and other public works.

THE GOVERNOR GENERAL

-President of the Royal Audencia-He had a GREAT POWERS . He had

the power to appoint and dismiss public officials , except those personally chosen by the king.

-He was the commander in chief or the colonial armed forces.

THE RESIDENCIA-Special judicial court INVESTIGATES the performance or Governor General who was about to be replaced.

THE VISITA-The council of the indies in Spain sent a government official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observed condition in the colony.

THE ROYAL AUDENCIA-Served as advisory body of the governor

-Had the power to check and report on his abuse

-Sent a yearly report to Spain.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTThere are two types of LOCAL GOVERNMENT. *ALCALDIA (Alkalde Mayor)-They represented the Spanish king and the

Governor-General.-They manage the day-to-day operations of the

provincial government.-Implemented laws and supervise the collection of

taxes*CORREGIMIENTO headed by Corregidor governed

by provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.

THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

Each provinces was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by GOVERNADORCILLOS, which main duties is efficient governance and tax collection.

*GOVERNADORCILLOS-They had a small salaries but

were exempted for paying tax. Example was EMILIO AGUINALDO.

*CABEZA DE BARANGAY-Responsible for the peace and

order of the barrio.-Recruited men for public works.

PENINSULARES-The highest class in the Philippines in

trusted with offices of high rank.-Pure Blooded Spaniards born from Spain

and sent to Spanish colonist to govern.-They held as governor general of the

Philippines and other powerful offices.- The most well known is MIGUEL LOPEZ

de LEGAZPI who colonized a huge part of the Philippines.

INSULARES-They are rank below Peninsulares.-The Insulares or Criollos are of

European descent but born in the colonist of Spain .

-A son or daughter of a Spanish, couple is an Insulare.

-Inter-marrying with Filipinos and other raises in the country produce meztizos.

MESTISO DE ESPANYOL

-Offspring of Spanish inter breeding with Filipinos.

-Mestizo is a term given to individuals inheriting foreign ancestry.

-Children of racial inter-marriage.-Parents of mestizos may have

been alcalde or other important position or insulare wishing to expand power and territory

MESTIZO DE SANGLEY-A person of Filipino or any racial Descent marrying a Chinese, the result is children that will be called mestizo de sangley.

-They were allowed to lease lands from friar states and earned from eat.

TORNATRAS-It is an old Spanish term for a person of mix ancestry from Spanish, Filipino and Chinese.

-Most Filipino Ilustrados belong to this class.

-They are idealist, artist and free thinkers.

INDIO-Pure Austronesian origin.

The Americ

an Colonization

1898The US evicts the Spain from the Philippines.

1902The US defeats the Philippine Nationalist Forces in the Philippine-American War

1941The US entered the World War II. Thousands of Filipinos and Americans fight side by side

1946The Philippines gains the Independence with an American blessing

1951By the pressure of the cold war, Philippines signed a defense treaty with the United States

1991Public opinion forces to shutdown American bases at Subic Bay and Clark Air Force base ending an American Military presence on the islands.

The Japanes

e Colonization

December 8 1941-Japan invaded the Philippines.

Clark Air Base in Pampanga was first attacked and also Nichols Field outside Manila was attacked.

-Japanese attacked the pearl harbor because of their intensifying rivalry in the pacific led by Gen. Masaharu Homma

December 22 1941

-The Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen Gulf and continued on to Manila.

December 25 1941-Manila is declared as an open city by General Douglas Macarthur to avoid greater destruction by the Japanese.

January 2 1942

-Manila was occupied by the Japanese.

January 3 1942-The day after manila became an occupied city. General Masaharu Homma issued a proclamation announcing the end of American occupation in the country.

January 23 1942-The Philippine executive Commission is established under Jorge Vargas.

February 1942-Leaders and organized farmers held a meeting in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.

April 9 1942-The joint American and Filipino soldiers

in Bataan finally surrendered.-Approximately around 10,000 soldiers

died in this horrible "Death March" -They walk all the way from the starting

point Bataan to the end point Tarlac with no food and water to eat.

June 20 1942"KALIBAPI" Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas is established.

August 8 1942-Jose Vargas issued an executive order providing means for protection under joint responsibility.

September 20 1943-Party Convention is held by the KALIBAPI to elect 54 members of the national assembly organized by President. Jose P. Laurel.

-Under the leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr.

October 1943HUKBALAHAP established a newspaper against the Japanese and edited in Arayat Pampanga called the Ing Masala( The light ).

October 14 1943-The new republic was inaugurated.

-An inauguration is held on the front steps of the legislative building in manila.

November 9 1943-The resolution is passed by the senate asking provisions regarding the succession be waived to make Quezon the president beyond 8 years.

August 1 1944-Quezon died in Saranac Lake New York. Happenings that make the Japanese surrendered to the United State

August 6, 1944-United state unleashed the deadly atomic bomb in Hiroshima Japan.

August 9 1944

-The United State later on dropped another atomic bomb in Nagasaki Japan.

October 24-26 1944-The battle for Leyte Gulf lasted and exceeded all previous naval combat.

December 8 1944-President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya.

February 23, 1945-The Japanese finally surrendered after 3 weeks of intense fighting.

July 4 1945-Proclamation of the general freedom from the Japanese.