Our scientists

By

M. Padma Lalitha sharada (Teacher)

Govt. High School Malakpet

Under Guidance of

Smt. C.B.Nirmala Dy. Educational Officer

Nampally Mandal.

Our Scientists

Class VII (A.P. STATE GOVT. SYLLABUS)

Contribution of Scientists to progress of Science

There is a lot of difference between the stone age man of yesterday and today’s man of atomic age.

We have many kinds of implementations and machines available now and we desire to get still more modernised implements.

Noble Prize Winner – Indian Scientist C. VENKATA RAMAN

Scientists alone are responsible for our comfortable life.

DARK AGE

(Before 500 B.C.)

There were scientists in our country and in Greece before 500 B.C., but the principles and facts told and put forth by them were not believed because of the superstitions and ignorance of the people. That’s why that period is known as the “DARK AGE”.

From 16th century, scientists came forward boldly and faced those superstitions.

Life to the scientific knowledge

Continuous observation,

Research and devotion,

Extensive work,

Resourcefulness and their process of formulating facts gave life to the scientific knowledge.

As a result they discovered many new items.

Wrought-Iron Pillar of New Delhi*

Ancient India was an early leader in metallurgy.

JOHN GUTENBERG(1397 to 1468)

German Scientist

John Gutenberg realised the necessity of the implement to convey the principles, experiments and inventions or discoveries to the future generation.

The printing machine is the reflection of his thoughts.

Recording the scientific knowledge has become very easy with that machine.

John Gutenberg – style Printing Press from 1568.

Such presses could make 240 prints per hour.

Gutenberg Monument in Germany

Zaccharias Johnson

(1580-1638)

Dutch Scientist

There are many organisms which are not visible to our naked eye.

Some of those organisms cause diseases.

To find such organisms Zaccharias Johnson discovered the Microscope in 1590.

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWEN HOEK (1632 -1723)

Netherlands Scientist

In 1653 Antonie Van Leeuwen hoek discovered the living organisms which are invisible to our naked eye, those are the unicellular organisms of Phylum Protozoa.

This enabled the scientists to discover the diseases caused by those organisms and also the preventive measures of remedies.

Replica of Microscope by Antonie Van Leeuwen Hoek

A species of Protozoa identified by

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

German Scientist

In the 19th century Robert Koch formulated the symptoms and preventive measures of Tuberculosis and Cholera by studying the nature of the disease causing micro organisms.

German Postage Stamp on Robert Koch.

(Released in 2005)

Robert Koch Monument in Berlin

Robert Koch’s fight against Malaria

East - German Commemorative Coin (1968) on Robert Koch

According to Koch’s instructions, all the ponds and swamps where Malaria carrying Mosquitoes hatched were reclaimed and patients were treated with Quinine.

Malaria was thus iradicated by 1902 and Kupelwieser erected a monument to Koch, which still stands in Vicinity of the 15th century Church of St. German on Veliki Brijun Island.

Monument to Robert Koch and the fight against Malaria at

Veliki Brijun Island – istria country in Adriatic Sea.

An Electron Microscope that can magnify living cells, micro–organisms - parts

of the cells 10 thousand times is available. There is also scope for taking

photographs of Microscope organism and its parts also.

Electron Microscope(1973) Electron Microscope(1933)

An image of ant in a scanning Electron Microscope

An insect coated in gold for viewing with a scanning Electron Microscope

Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)

French Scientist

Louis Pasteur was surprised to see

the crude and dangerous method of

treatment for dog-bite.

He thought that it was not correct

and he conducted his experiments

on dog bite .

In 1885 he discovered a medicine

for “Rabis” – dog bite in scintific

method. He conducted his work in

Bacteriology.

Inventor of Pasteurization Method

Pasteur’s works in

Bacteriolgy

Pasteurization Plant

Louis Pasteur discovered the process of Pasteurization to destroy Bacteria.

He proved that fermentation of grape

juice is caused by micro – organisms.

He also proposed that micro organisms are the cause for contagious diseases through Microbe - theory.

William Harvey (1578-

1657)

British Scientist

William Harvey proved by his experiments that blood circulation is necessary for the functioning of heart.

But he could not demonstrate how blood is collected in the heart.

Postage Stamp on William Harvey by Soviet Union (1957)

Marcello Malpighi (1638 – 1694)

Italian Scientist

Malpighi Tomb in Italy

Described about systematic circulation of blood being pumped by the body to the heart.

INDIAN SCIENTISTS

In our country Dhanvantari, Sushruta, Charaka etc., were regarded

as Doctors, Scientists. Dhanvantari Sushruta Charaka

Dhanvantari

An idol of Dhanvantari at an Ayurveda Expo in Bangalore

Dhanvantari is an Avatar of Vishnu from the Hindu tradition. He appears in the vedas and Puranas as the physician of the Gods and the God of Ayurvedic Medicine.

Sushruta (800 B.C.) – Father of Surgery

Statue of Sushruta in Haridwar Sushrutha is the author

of the book “Sushrutha Samhita”.

In which he describes over 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments and classifies human surgery in eight categories.

Because of his seminal and numerous contributions to the science and art of surgery he is also known by the title “Father of Surgery”.

Charaka (300 B.C.) Charaka Monument in Patanjali Yogpeeth Campus - Haridwar

Charaka is author of

“Charaka Samhita”.

It is a document which contains information about seasons, diet, thinking, therapies and various other guidelines for getting good health for everyone.

Acharya Nagarjuna

(100 A.D.)

Acharya Nagarjuna was the first Indian who produced chemical, metallurgical inventions and discoveries.

Nagarjuna proposed the “Theory of

Rasa Vada”.

Arya Bhat Statue of Arya bhat on the

(476-550 A.D.) grounds of IUCAA (Pune)

Aryabhat formulated “Austronomical Facts”.

JAGADEESH CHANDRA BOSE (1858 – 1937 )

Jagadeesh Chandra Bose in Royal Institution (London)

Jagadeesh Chandra Bose conducted several experiments on

plants and discovered that plants have life.

GROWTH RATE OF PLANTS

.

He said that they exhibit feelins. He discovered “Cresco Graph” to find out the growth of plants

CRESCO GRAPH

Chandra Shekhara Venkata

Raman (1888 – 1970)

C.V. Raman conducted experiments

on light.

Raman Energy Levels

Energy Level Diagram showing the States involved in

Raman Signal

C.V. Raman published the principles of “Raman Effect” which

explained the “Light Emission” and for it he awarded the Noble

Prize.

Indian Postage Stamp released on C.V. Raman in 1971

Acharya Prapulla Chandra

Roy (1861 – 1944 )

P.C. Roy conducted experiments on

Nitrates.

An Exhibition on P.C. Roy was held at

the Science City, Kolkatta on his 150th Birth Anniversary (2nd August, 2011)

MEGHANATH SAHA (1893 – 1956 )

Thermionic Emission

Meghanath Saha formulated the theory of “Heat Emission” (Thermionic emission).

Dr. MANKOMBU SAMBASIVAN SWAMINATHAN

(Born on August 7th 1925)

Today many countries are facing shortage of food. There is no

sufficient production of food for the population.

Dr. M.S. Swaminathan developed different high yielding new varieties of crop plants (Hybrids) and his effort was admired by

many nations in the world.

M.S. Swaminathan is well known as

“FATHER OF GREEN REVOLUTION IN

INDIA”.

He worked as President of International Rice Research Institute. There he worked for agricultural production in Manila.

Now He is the Founder and Chairman of the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation.

D.N.A. (De Oxy Ribonucleic Acid)

Revision

Man observed many things in nature in the stone age itself.

Some people conducted experiments, declared results (inferences) for which superstitions stud as obstacles.

It took sometime to overcome them.

People came to a decision that Scientific discoveries could solve their problems.

Scientists followed an analytical way for finding the facts.

They analysed the results of their experiments before formulating difficult theories.

Their discoveries have made our lives comfoirtable.

MY SINCERE THANKS

I offer my Sincere Thanks to Smt. C.B. Nirmala, (Head Mistress) for always encouraging teachers to learn computer education and supporting in giving proper computer lab facilities and such timings.

C.B. NIRMALA Head Mistress