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• Since the 7th Century, Muslims had built a large empire, including parts of Asia, Africa and Europe.
• The Osman (Ottoman) Turks lived as nomads in Asia Minor.
Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
So, the rulers of the empire gave land to the Osman Turks as a reward for helping them against the invaders.
Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
As the Muslim Empire declined, the Osman Turks expanded, beginning the Ottoman Empire.
• They took over most of the Muslim They began mastering the arts of cannon making and gunpowder.
• They took over most of the Muslim• By 1390, they took Serbia and
Bulgaria from the Byzantine Empire.
Janissaries
• The Ottomans recruited local Christians that converted to Islam, becoming elite guards and administrators called janissaries.
Byzantine Empire (330-1453)
• The Christian emperor Constantine (306-337) founded the capital city Constantinople. He made Christianity legal by the Edict of Milan in 313.
Geography
• After Rome fell, Emperor Theodosius built It had impregnable walls, which protected the city for over 1100 years from the Muslim Empire.
Mehmet II: 1444--1481(“The Conqueror”)
Under the leadership of Mehmet II, the Ottomans moved to end theByzantine Empire and take Constantinople.
The Fall of Constantinople May 29, 1453
The beginning of modern warfare, gunpowder, guns and artillery.
1453 The Fall of Constantinople
• This ended the East Roman or Byzantine Empire.
• Constantine 11th died defending the city, but his daughter Sophia escaped the city.
• She married Ivan the Great of Moscow.
Moscow becomes the 3rd Rome
• The kings of Russia become Caesar or Czar.
Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire in 1265
* Istambul
The Ottomans now controlled and closed international trade to Europe.
Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520
• From 1514 to 1517, he took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the middle east and Arabia.
Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)
• He led to new Ottoman attacks on Europe, expanding along the Danube River.
• Suleiman advanced on Vienna, but met defeat in 1529. Mostly due to an early winter and bad supplies.
The Great Turkish War 1533-1683
Ottoman Empire1533-1683
1533-1683
Holy League
Pope
Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs of Austria)
Kingdom of Spain
Czar of Russia
Republic of Venice
Poland
The Great Turkish War 1533-1683
The Ottoman Empire’s use of cannons and guns led to the first arms race in modern history.
The Great Turkish War 1533-1683
Soon all the major powers of Europe developed firearms, which ended the invincibility of knights and castles.
The Ottomans built a navy and controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea.
Spain built a navy with cannons and met the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571
LepantoOctober 7, 1571
Strategic ContextIn response to the Ottoman invasion of Venetian-held Cyprus, Pope Pius V proclaims the Holy League, comprising the Papacy, Spain, Venice, Genoa, Tuscany, Savoy, Urbino, Parma and the Knights of Malta. The Holy League’s purpose is to resist Ottoman Empire’s aspirations in the Mediterranean Sea. Two weeks after the Ottomans crush the last resistance on Cyprus, this mutually suspicious alliance finally assembles a fleet under Don Juan of Austria and seeks out the Ottoman fleet. Ottoman scouts report the Holy League fleet’s arrival in the Gulf of Patras to Müezzinzade Ali Pasha, commander of the Ottoman fleet, who orders an attack. This decision is against the advice of his peers who argue for a defensive position.
Stakes+ A Holy League victory would halt – at least temporarily – Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean.
+ An Ottoman victory would splinter the Holy League alliance and encourage Ottoman dominance of the Mediterranean.
By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©
Lepanto, 1571Strength
Holy League
Well
Ottomans
Well
Don Juan
216 galleys 202 galleys
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©
6 galeasses
64 galiots
Müezzinzade Pasha deploys his fleet in five divisions, three being pre-committed to fight at his dense center. His left wing has the most room to maneuver and thus equipped with many with smaller, more agile galiots. He plans to preserve his center while one or both of his wings defeat their opposition and envelop the Holy League line. Juan deploys his fleet in four divisions, one being a reserve. Juan strengthens his center with both quantity and quality of galleys and allows his lethal galeasses to sail ahead of the main line to thin out the Ottoman ranks. He plans to crush the Ottoman center while his wings prevent his own center from being outflanked. Overall, the Holy League galleys are larger and boast more firepower but are slower than their Ottoman counterparts. Both Müezzinzade and Juan command from the center of their lines. Ottomans
(Müezzinzade Pasha)
Holy League
(Juan)
NN
Mehmet Suluk
As both fleets sail towards each other, Barbarigo’s galeasses pulverize Mehmet Suluk’s galleys and disrupt their formation. Mehmet Suluk adapts by sending the galleys on his extreme right to round the inshore flank of Barbarigo’s galleys, knowing the Holy League captains are less accustomed to the area and more fearful of running ashore. The rest of the Ottoman right wing follows and is able to concentrate against only half of the Holy League left wing.
DoriaBazan
BarbarigoJuan
Müezzinzade Pasha
Uluj Ali
Mehmet Suluk is punishing the Holy League left wing until its other half swings around to engage in battle and Bazan sends reinforcements from the reserve. Barbarigo is mortally wounded and must cede command to Contarini who is then killed and succeeded by Nani. Juan’s center galeasses decimate the Ottoman galleys with a murderous fire before close combat. Meanwhile, Uluj Ali is straining the Holy League right by deploying his surplus of ships in line, forcing Doria to stretch his own line to match the length of the Ottoman line. This inevitably creates gaps.
In the north, Nani turns the tide by killing Mehmet Suluk and trapping the Ottoman galleys against the shore. In the center, the heftier Holy League galleys are inflicting heavy losses while a duel between the two flagships develops; both commanders funnel all available men into this battle. Bazan sends reinforcements from the reserve to ensure steady pressure against the Ottoman flagship. In the south, Uluj Ali continues to deploy ships and force Doria to strain his line; the Holy League right wing is drifting dangerously further from the center.
Trapped against the shore and without a leader, the Ottoman right wing is in the process of annihilation. The Ottoman center continues to suffer grievous losses but remains intact. Fifteen captains of Doria’s extreme left believe he is betraying the Holy League by ignoring the fierce engagement in the center so they break formation to join the fray, creating a sizeable gap in the Holy League right wing. Uluj Ali seizes this opportunity to charge the gap, destroying most of the wandering galleys on the way. Juan’s right flank is suddenly threatened but Bazan sends the last of the reserve to try and contain the gap. Doria meanwhile rushes to engage the rest of his division but cannot fully do so.
The remainder of the Ottoman right wing runs aground and the crews abandon their galleys for land. Meanwhile, Müezzinzade Pasha is finally killed and his flagship overrun just as Doria engages the Ottoman left wing. Uluj Ali realizes the situation is futile and escapes westward with thirty galleys. The remaining Ottoman galleys flee in small contingents.
Holy League
(Don Juan of Spain)
202 galleys
6 galeasses
Ottomans
(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)
216 galleys
64 galiots
ContariniNani
Holy League Reserve
(Don Álvaro de Bazan)
38 galleys
Ottoman Right Wing
(Mehmet Suluk Pasha)
60 galleys 2 galiots
Holy League Center
(Don Juan of Austria)
62 galleys 2 galeasses
Holy League Left Wing
(Agostin Barbarigo)
53 galleys 2 galeasses
Holy League Right Wing
(Gian Andrea Doria)
54 galleys 2 galeasses
Ottoman Center
(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)
95 galleys 30 galiots
Ottoman Left Wing
(Uluj Ali Pasha)
61 galleys 32 galiots
Holy League Left Wing
(Frederigo Nani)
53 galleys 2 galeasses
Galeasse
Galeasses are designed to carry guns whereas typical galleys carry soldiers. The six Venetian galeasses at Lepanto are relatively experimental but pack ample firepower: they carry fourty heavy guns whereas flagship galleys carry only five. However, galeasses must be towed into battle by two galleys and so this firepower comes at the expense of speed.
Lepanto, 1571Casualties & Aftermath
Holy League: Ottomans:
16 ships
or
8%
214 ships
or
76%
By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©
• By 1572, the Ottomans rebuild their fleet, but could not replace the experienced crews and naval soldiers lost at Lepanto for decades.
Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha he siege itself began on 14 July
1683,
• Led the next major Ottoman attack during the 1680’s.
The siege of Vienna 14 July 1683
Ottoman Empire1533-1683
1533-1683
Holy League
Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs of Austria)
Poland
Hungary
The siege of Vienna 14 July 1683
Ottoman Empire1533-1683
1533-1683
Holy League
Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs of Austria)
Poland
Hungary
. siege itself began on 14 July 1683,
• The Hapsburg army pushed the Ottomans out of Hungary. They would never again be a threat to central Europe.
• Legend has it that the bakers of Vienna invented the croissant to celebrate the victory over the Turks. Croissants are banned today in some Islamic countries.
• Over the next sixteen years, the Habsburgs of Austria occupied and dominated Hungary and Transylvania.
• The Sultan owned all the land and possessions.• His word was law.• He controlled the army, economy, culture, and
religion.
• The private rooms called the harem (“sacred place”).
• Here, the sultan, his 4 wives, sons, and thousands of concubines lived.
• As the Empire grew, Sultans became increasingly isolated in their palace.
• They sat behind a screen, letting advisors run the empire.
The Ottoman Bureaucracy
SULTAN
Viziers
Social / MilitaryHeads of Individual
Religious Millets
Local Administrators& Military
Landowners / Tax Collectors
Muslims Jews
Christians
Grand Vizier
pashas
pashas
• The Ottoman Empire divided people into classes by occupation; the ruling class, merchants, artisans, peasants, pastoral peoples, and slaves.
Slaves
• Usually, the sultans gave their religious duties to a group of religious advisers known as the ulema.
Muhammad (570-633)
• Began to meditate in the desert after became troubled over the growing gap between rich and poor.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
Muhammad (570-633)
Traditionally, received his revelations from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy
ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR
IsaacIsaac
EsauEsauJacobJacob
12 Tribes of Israel
12 Tribes of Israel
Ishmael
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
12 Arabian Tribes
Islam An Abraham Religion
Islam An Abraham Religion
Mohammed changed to Monotheism.
Same God as Jews and Christians, yet Muslims call him Allah.
Muslims accept the Torah, Bible, and Qur’an as the word of God.
Kaaba
• Traditionally, the place where Adam came out of Eden.
• Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba at Mecca.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
Muhammad (570-633)
His wife Khadja and friend Abu Baker believed him, yet he had only 30 followers by 622.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’anThe rich merchants did not like his
preaching and they drove him out of Mecca.
622 Hijrah Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
The people of Medina and desert tribes (bedoins) joined him.
In 630 Muhammad conquered Mecca with an army of 10,000.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
He declared the Kaaba the most sacred shrine to Islam.
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an
Two years later he died in Mecca, then rose to heaven from Jerusalem.
The Caliph Othman compiled Muhammad’s revelations into the Qur’an.
• Mohammed preached equality of all believers, men and women.
• Muslims paid no taxes, and divided the treasury (later conquered lands) among the followers of Islam.
The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
114 suras (chapters).
Written in Arabic.
Sharia LawSharia Law Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.
Sharia is based on the Quran and the Hadith, a collection of Muhammad’s saying.
1. The Shahada1. The Shahada
11
The testimony.
The declaration of faith:There is no god except Allah,
and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].
There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].
2. The Salat2. The Salat
22
The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
Wash before praying.
Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
2. The Salat2. The Salat
22
The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.
Pray in the mosque on Friday.
3. The Zakat3. The Zakat
33
Almsgiving (charitable donations).
About 2.5% of your income.
Christians 20%
4. The Sawm4. The Sawm
44
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
No eating or drinking from
sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
Yet, they eat huge meals at night.
5. The Hajj5. The Hajj
55
The pilgrimage to Mecca.
Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.
2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Up to four wives allowed at once, Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5 at a time.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
He married his favorite wife Aisha at age 6, and consummated it at age 9.
The daughter of Abu Bakr, she led armies against his first convert.
Aisha Aisha
After Mohammed’s death, she delivered public speeches, became directly involved in war and even battles.
She memorized the quran, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.
Veiling became the norm.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Up to four wives allowed at once, Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5 at a time.
No alcohol, gambling, or pork.
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Men should have face hair, women should be covered (Arab tradition).
Muslims should bury the dead within 24 hours.
Sufism
• Like the Janis, individuals find salvation through fasting and prayer. Developed in Baghdad in the 8th Century and spread to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.
No priesthood.
Teaches equality.
No taxes, land grants, and treasury money Muslims.
Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).
The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam
Early Islam tolerated other Non-Muslims, “Peoples of the Book,” Christians and Jews paid extra taxes so allowed religious freedom.
Time before writing.So, we have to rely on archeology to understand what happened.
A first-hand, or eyewitness, account of an event.
A second-hand source of information.Ex: Textbook, Encyclopedia, Wikie article.
History The study of the past by written artifacts.
Ex: Artifacts, skeleton, diary, newspaper from the time
Byzantine Empire (330-1453)
• The Christian emperor Constantine (306-337) founded the capital city Constantinople. He made Christianity legal by the Edict of Milan in 313.
Geography
• After Rome fell, Emperor Theodosius built impregnable walls, which protected the city until the Ottoman Turks took them down with cannons in 1453.
Geography
• Constantinople’s location not as good as Rome’s location for a Mediterranean empire. It took 2 weeks to sail to Alexandria, but 3 months to reach Spain.
• the Ottomans• defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo
in 1389.• During the 1390s, they advanced
northward and annexed Bulgaria
• Over the next three hundred years, Ottoman rule
• expanded to include large areas of Western Asia, as
• well as North Africa and additional lands in Europe
The fall of Constantinople
• They fought desperately for almost two• months to save their city. Finally, on May
29, the• walls were breached, and Ottoman soldiers
poured• into the cit
The Ottomans built a navy and controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea.
The study of past societies through the examination of artifacts.
anything that people modify or use.
Tools and Weapons Art and Sculpture Pottery
Jewelry Human Remains Ancient Ruins
The remains of plants and animals.
Carbon dating can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that lived.
All living things get Carbon 14 from the sun.
Carbon 14 disintegrates by half in 5730 years (±40 years).
Scientists can measure how much Carbon 14 an artifact has today.
So, they can tell how old it is + 40 years.
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