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Clause as Representative, Mata Kuliah: Reading. Sastra Inggris, Universitas Padjadjaran 2012.
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Other Process Types and Other Participant Function
Oleh:Ananda Ayu MeidianaMuhammad Al Ghifari
Parastika Heavi Nur Anggreany
Other Process Types
Other Participant Functions
PROCESS TYPES
Principal types of process types :
• Material processes• Mental processes
• Relational processes
Subsidiary types of process types:• Behavioural processes
• Verbal processes• Existential processes
Behavioural ProcessesProcess of physiological and psychological behavior.
Behavioural sharing characteristics of material and mental.• Dreaming• Smiling• Breathing• Coughing
Behavioural ProcessesBehaver + Process: behavioural e.g. • He was laughing.• We were watching the news
Verbal ProcessesProcess of saying. (It covers any kind of symbolic exchange of meaning)
• I said it’s noisy in here.• The notice tells you to keep quiet.• My watch says it’s half past ten.
Verbal Processes• Sayer + Process / + target : verbal • Sharing characteristics of mental and relational
Existensial Processes
Represent that something exist or happens.
1.There is a fly in my soup.2.There was no trace3. There are students in the class
These clauses typically have the verb be, or some other verb expressing existence. (Exist, arise, etc.)
Sometimes other verbs function as process in an existensial clause.
There came a big spider.All around there grew a thick hedge.
Existential Processes•Existent + Process: existential •Sharing characteristics of relational and material
Summary of Process typesProcess type Category meaning Participants
material :actionevent
behaviouralmental :
perceptionaffectioncognition
verbalrelational :
attribution identification
existential
‘doing’‘doing’‘happening’
‘behaving’‘sensing’
‘seeing’‘feeling’‘thinking’
‘saying’‘being’
‘attributing’‘identifying’
‘existing’
Actor, GoalBehaverSenser, PhenomenonSayer, TargetToken, ValueCarrier, AttributeIdentified, IdentifierExistent
Menu
Other Participant Functions
BENEFICIARY
Beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place.
Beneficiary appears in : 1. Material Processes2. Verbal Processes3. Relational Processes
BENEFICIARY IN MATERIAL PROCESSES
Classified as Recipient and Client With or without preposition, depending on its
position in the clause Most typically is human; a personal pronoun
and a speech role (me, you, us)
RECIPIENT • One that GOODS are given to• The use of TO as preposition• Goal represent the ‘goods’With preposition
Without preposition
Ghifari gave a ring that has no end
to his love
Actor Process : material
Goal Beneficiary : Recipient
Ghifari gave his love a ring that has no end
Actor Process : material
Beneficiary : Recipient
Goal
CLIENT• One that SERVICES are done for• The use of FOR as preposition• Goal represent the ‘service’ (one that is
brought into being by the process)Ghifari cooked a plate of
delicious meal
for his love
Actor Process : material
Goal Beneficiary : Client
Ghifari cooked his love a plate of delicious meal
Actor Process : material
Beneficiary : Client
Goal
BENEFICIARY IN VERBAL PROCESS
• One who is being addressed; e.g Mary in John said to Mary / told Mary (a story) / asked Mary (a question).
• Beneficiary in Verbal Process called the Receiver.• The Receiver usually present in verbal process
clauses where the sense is that of a causative mental process; e.g. convince ‘make believe’, tell ‘make know’, explain ‘make understand’, show ‘make see’.
Sayer Process Receiver GlossSheThis/sheThis/sheThis/sheThis/she
explainedshowedtoldprovedconvinced persuaded
(to John)(John)John(to John)John
that… ; wh-…that… ; wh-…that… ; wh-…that… that…
made understandmade seemade knowmade acceptmade believe
BENEFICIARY IN RELATIONAL PROCESS
• She made him a good wife ;It cost her a pretty penny
• The Beneficiary regularly functions as Subject in the clause; in that case the verb is in the passive voice.
were you asked a lot of questions
Process: Verbal
Receiver Process: Verbal
Complement
RANGE
The Range is the element that specifies the range or scope of the process. Examples are a song in sing a song of sixpence, croquet indo you play croquet with the Queen today?, an awful blunder in Big Bird’s made an awful blunder.
Range appears in:1. Material Process2. Behavioural Process3. Mental Process4. Verbal Process
RANGE IN MATERIAL PROCESS
• The Range may be an entity which exists independently of the process but which indicates the domain over which the process takes place
• The Range may be not an entity at all but rather another name for the process.
The Range as Entity
Mary climbed the mountainActor Process :
materialRange : entity
John played the pianoActor Process :
materialRange : entity
The Range as ProcessJohn and Mary were playing tennis Actor Process :
materialRange : process
She Dropped meActor Process :
MaterialBeneficiary : Recipient
How to distinguish a Range from a Goal
Range element can never have a resultative Attribute added within the clause, as Goal can.
e.g. they trampled the field flat, where the field is Goal √they crossed the field flat, where the field is Range X
The Range cannot be a personal pronoun, and it cannot normally be modified by a possessive
A Range element can often be realized as a prepositional phrase.
RANGE IN MENTAL PROCESS• Provide a way of interpreting an element• Explain the existence of two parallel types of
structure, and the differences between them
RANGE IN VERBAL PROCESS• Expressing class, quality or quantity• Relates to the Range in mental process; e.g.
see a sight, hear a noise, sea view.
That’s all from us, thanks for your attention!
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