OpenHPI 4.4 - Ontology Types

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Dr. Harald Sack

Hasso Plattner Institute for IT Systems Engineering

University of Potsdam

Spring 2013

Semantic Web Technologies

Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I04: Ontology Types

Semantic Web Technologies , Dr. Harald Sack, Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Universität Potsdam

Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I

Open HPI - Course: Semantic Web Technologies

04 Ontology TypesOpen HPI - Course: Semantic Web Technologies - Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I

Ontology Types and Categories

general, cross domain ontologies (represent very general concepts as e.g., Time, Space, Event independent of a specific domain or problem.)

Domain Ontology Task Ontology

specialized ontology focussed on a specific task and domain

Application Ontology

(according to Guarino,1998)

fundamental concepts according to a general activity or task.

fundamental concepts according to ageneric domain.

Top-Level Ontology(Upper Ontology,

Foundation Ontology)

lightweight ontologies heavyweight ontologies

controlledVocabulary

(according to Lassila/McGuinnes, 2001)

Thesauri

Glossaries informalIS-A

formalIS-A

formalInstance

Frames

ValueRestrictions

generallogical

Constraints

Disjunctness,Inversiveness,

Part-of…

Expressivity +-

informal formal

Folksonomiesformal

Taxonomies

LogicProgramming Description

Logics

First OrderLogicsData

Dictionaries

• Controlled Vocabulary:finite list of terms (e.g. catalogue)

• Glossary: finite list of terms including an informal definition of their semantics in natural language

• Thesauri: [greek. „treasure, treasure house“]

controlled vocabulary, concepts are connected via relations.

• Equivalency (synonyms)• Hierarchies (subclasses, superclasses)• Homographs (Homonyms)• Associations (similar concepts)

controlledVocabulary Thesauri

Terms/Glossary

informalis-a

formalis-a

formalInstance

Frames

ValueRestrictions

generallogical

Constraints

Part-of…

Thesaurus - an Example

Underpants

http://frat.manmosh.com/category/home/

Underpants

Knickers

Synonyms

Underpants

Knickers

Synonyms

Panties

Bloomers

Briefs

Boxershorts

narrower concept

Underpants

Knickers

Synonyms

Panties

Bloomers

Briefs

Boxershorts

narrower concept

Underwearbroader concept

Underpants

Knickers

Synonyms

Panties

Bloomers

Briefs

Boxershorts

narrower concept

Underwearbroader concept

Undershirt

Association

Taxonomies

• also classification schema, nomenclature, …

• in science most times classification into (mono-)hierarchical sets (classes, subclasses, ...)

• (also) subject of biology:

• the arrangement of organisms into a classification according to similarities

Taxonomy: Definition of a hierarchical system of groups (from [greek] τασσεῖν (tassein) = to arrange and νόµος (nomos) = method) ...

• Carl Linnaeus (ca. 1740) created a simple classification schema for organisms that is still used today

Carl Linnaeus(1707-1778)

Des Ritters Carl von Linné vollständiges Natursystem, 1778

Taxonomies

• informal IS-A-Hierarchy: explicite hierarchy of classes, subclass relations are not strict(e.g. index of a library)

• formal IS-A-Hierarchy: explicite hierarchy of classes, subclass relations are strict

• formale instance: explicite class hierarchy, besides strict subclass relations also instance-of relations are allowed

Taxonomies

controlledVocabulary Thesauri

Terms/Glossary

informalis-a

formalis-a

formalInstance

Frames

ValueRestrictions

generallogical

Constraints

Part-of…

Ontologies as Interpretation of Reality

various categories of animals from "a certain chinese encyclopedia" according to Jorge Luis Borges:

• Those that belong to the emperor• Embalmed ones• Those that are trained• Suckling pigs• Mermaids (or Sirens)• Fabulous ones• Stray dogs• Those that are included in this classification• Those that tremble as if they were mad• Innumerable ones• Those drawn with a very fine camel hair brush• Et cetera• Those that have just broken the flower vase• Those that, at a distance, resemble flies Jorge Luis Borges

(1899-1986)

Jorge Luis Borges: The Analytical Language of John Wilkins (1942)

05 Foundations of LogicOpen HPI - Course: Semantic Web Technologies - Lecture 4: Knowledge Representations I

OpenHPI 4.4 - Ontology Types

Education

OpenHPI 2.1 - How to Identify Things - URIs

OpenHPI - Parallel Programming Concepts - Week 6

OpenHPI 3.2 - How to Query RDF(S)? - SPARQL(2)

OpenHPI 3.6 - The Limits of RDF(S)

OpenHPI 4.7 - Resolution

OpenHPI 5.4 - Web Ontology Language

OpenHPI 6.6 - Named Entity Recognition

OpenHPI 1.1 - The Web and how we got there

OpenHPI 1.5 - The Vision of the Semantic Web

OpenHPI - Parallel Programming Concepts - Week 5

OpenHPI 1.3 - The Importance of Meaning

OpenHPI 1.2 - The Limits of the Web

OpenHPI 2.2 - How to Represent Facts - RDF

OpenHPI 6.7 - Semantic Search

OpenHPI 2.5 - How to Represent Facts - RDF(4)

OpenHPI 4.3 - How DO I Define a Formal Model of an Ontology

OpenHPI 2.3 - How to Represent Facts - RDF(2)

OpenHPI 5.1 - Description Logics - ALC

OpenHPI 3.3 - How to Query RDF(S)? - SPARQL(3)

OpenHPI 6.1 - Ontological Engineering