NCC ART104 1

Nicephore Niepce, View from his Window at La Gras, c1827, heliographGernsheim Collection, Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin

EARLY-PHOTOGRAPHY

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre,Still Life in Studio, c1837, daguerreotypeEastman House, Rochester, New York

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre,View of the Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c1838, daguerreotypeBayerische National Museum, Munich

NadarSarah Bernhardt, 1859

William Bouguereau, Nymphs and Satyr, oil on canvas, 1873, Sterling and Francine Clark

Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts

Jean-Léon Gérôme, Pygmalion and Galatea, c1890, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York

French Academic Painting

REALISM

• A movement in French art that sought to convey a truthful and objective vision of contemporary life. Realism emerged in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1948 that overturned the monarchy of Louis-Philippe and developed during the period of the 2nd Empire under Napoleon III.

• The Realists democratized art by depicting modern subjects drawn from everyday lives of the working class.

Gustave Courbet, Self-Portrait, Man with a Pipe, c1846-7

The Avant-GardeChallenged the primacy of history painting…favored by the Salons.

Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849, oil on canvasFormerly in Gemäldegalerie, Dresden (destroyed in World War II)

Realism

Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849-50, oil on canvas, 10’ x 22‘. Musée d’Orsay, Paris

Rejected by the jury of the 1855 Exposition Universelle in ParisAsserts his goal ‘to translate the customs, the ideas, the appearance of my epoch

according to my own estimation.’

Realism

Gustave Courbet, The Source of the Loue River, 1863A major tourist attraction in Courbet’s time…area folk

lore told of a Green Lady, a beautiful fairy who wandered around in summer and retired to the caves in winter.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, The Source, 1820, oil on canvas

Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Gustave Courbet,The Source of the Loue, 1863, oil on canvasAlbright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York

RealismAcademic(Neo-Classical)

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), The Artist's Studio, a real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life, 1854 and 1855

JEAN-FRANCOIS MILLET

• one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers; he can be categorized as part of the movements of Realism and Naturalism.

Jean-Francois Millet,The Gleaners, 1857Salon scandal…honest depiction of rural poverty

Like Courbet’s Stonebreakers, Millet’s choice of subject was considered politically subversive…even though his style reflected his academic training…recalling the art of Michelangelo and Poussin

Jean-Francois Millet, Angelus, 1857-59

DAUMIER

Honore Daumier,Rue Transonian, 1834, lithographPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Honore Daumier,Nadar Rasising Photograph to the Height of Art, 1862, lithographMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston

Daumier, First Class Carriage, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

Honore Daumier,The Third-Class Carriage, 1862 MMA

Daumier, Third Class Carriage, watercolor, Baltimore Museum

John Everett Millais,Ophelia, 1852, oil on canvasTate Gallery, Lonson

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

John Everett Millais,John Ruskin 1853-54 oil on canvasPrivate Collection

The Critic

Thomas EakinsThe Gross Clinic1875oil on canvasJefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia

“REALISM” IN AMERICA

Winslow Homer,The Veteran in a New Field, 1865, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art

Édouard Manet

Spanish Singer, 1863

Manet's painting reflects the vogue in Paris for the art and culture of Spain during the Second Empire, as well as the artist's own preoccupation with Spanish themes in the 1860s. The Spanish Singer won Manet his first critical and popular success in his debut at the Salon of 1861.

Édouard Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass), 1863

“PROTO-IMPRESSIONISM”…Salon des Refusés

Giorgione (and Titian), Pastoral Concert (Fête champêtre)1508-09, Oil on canvas

HIGH RENAISSANCE (Venetian)

Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvas, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

“PROTO-IMPRESSIONISM”

Titian

Venus of Urbino

1538oil on canvas4 ft. x 5 ft. 6 in.

Titian, The Venus of Urbino, 1538, oil on canvas

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvas

Musée d’Orsay, Paris

Venetian Renaissance

Cabanel, The Birth of Venus, 1863, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvasMusée d’Orsay, Paris

AVANT-GARDE ACADEMIC(Prix de Rome)

PARIS SALON 1865

Olympia…most shocking work in the 1865 Salon…the goddess acceptable…contemporary prostitute was not.

Portrait of Zola 1868

1867, Zola proclaimed “The future is his…”and predicted that one day Luncheon on the Grass will enter the collection of the Louvre (now Musee d’Orsay since 1934)

Édouard Manet, A Bar at te Folies-Bergere, 1881-82, is a modern version of Velazquez's Las Meninas (1656-7), the most profound meditation on the portrait.

Velazquez's Las Meninas (1656-7Manet worshipped Velazquez, and transferred this aesthetic of reflection to modern times

Edgar Degas

Impressionist…core member…sought to capture fleeting moments of modern life…scenes illuminated by artificial light…adhering to his Academic training.

Degas, The Collector of Prints, 1866Havemeyer Collection MMA

The depiction of individuals, interrupted at tasks amid settings that reveal clues about their character, was developed by Degas in numerous figure paintings of the 1860s and early 1870s.

Kitigawa Utamaro, Reflective Love, from the series Anthology of Poems: The Love Section, c.1793-94 woodblock

Degas, Study for A Woman Seated beside a Vase of Flowers, 1865 Fogg Art Gallery

Degas took longer to digest the significance of the new art. It is not until mid-decade that signs of such influence became apparent.

Both pose and demeanor are uncannily anticipated by Utamaro in a print that was demonstrably present in a collection known to Degas.

Edgar Degas - A Woman Seated beside a Vase of Flowers 1865

Degas, Woman Ironing, 1873Havemeyer Collection MMA

Much as Degas was fascinated by the movements of dancers, he was also intrigued by the repetitive, specialized gestures made by laundresses as they worked. This painting, the first of three versions of the composition, is distinguished by its dramatic chiaroscuro, with the woman silhouetted against a luminous white backdrop. The artist lent it to the 1876 Impressionist exhibition, receiving praise for his "rapidly done silhouettes of laundresses."

Degas, Woman Ironing, c.1882, o/c, Reading Museum

Degas was likely aware of Utamaro’s prints…also aware of the potential erotic charge…similar taboos existed for 19th European women…popular entertainers, ironers and washerwomen often stripped down to their chemises…thus laundresses were associated with easy morals.

Edgar Degas, Yellow Dancers (In the Wings), 1874/76Oil on canvas 2nd Impressionist Exhibition

Degas, Dancers Practicing at the Barre, 1877, Havemeyer collection MMA3rd Impressionist Exhibition

Edgar Degas

Ballet Rehearsal

1874oil on canvas1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 9 in.

Edgar Degas

Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer

1879-81bronze, paint, tulle, satin, wood

Edgar Degas

The Tub

1886pastel1 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 2 ft. 8 3/8 in.

Bird’s-eye view and cut-off edges suggest photographic fragment and abstract arrangement of Japanese prints.This is not the erotic object of desire of academic paintings.

Edgar Degas, Mary Cassatt at the Louvre: The Paintings Gallery, 1885, pastel over softground etching, drypoint, aquatint, and etching, The Art Institute of Chicago

Edgar Degas, Place de la Concorde, Oil on canvas, 1875

IMPRESSIONISM

Edgar Degas

L ’absinthe

1876oil on canvas

36 1/4 x 26 3/4 in.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge, 1892-95, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago

Paris Night Life ‘Fin de siècle' and 'La Belle Époque'

IMPRESSIONISM

• Unjured…independent from the Salon

Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872, oil on canvasMusée Marmottan, Paris

Manet, Boating, 1874New Cerulean bule and synthetic ultramarineRadically cropped..Japanese-inspired compositonModernity…form…subject matter…material

Renior, Luncheon of the Boating Party (1880–81)The painting also reflects the changing character of French society in the mid- to late 19th century. The restaurant welcomed customers of many classes, including businessmen, society women, artists, actresses, writers, critics, seamstresses, and shop girls. This diverse group embodied a new, modern Parisian society.

Mary Cassatt, The Boating Party, 1893/04

Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Adresse, 1867Monet emphasized the modernization of the landscape by including railways and factories, signs of encroaching industrialization…inappropriate to the Barbizon artists.

Claude Monet, Saint-Lazare Train Station, 1877, oil on canvas. Musee d’Orsay, Paris

IMPRESSIONISM

Claude Monet, Cathedral Rouen, 1894, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, Harmony in Blue, 1894,oil on canvas

Musée d'Orsay, Paris

IMPRESSIONISM COLOR THEORY: Optical Color vs. Local Color

Claude Monet, Cathedral Rouen (in Dull Weather), 1894, oil on canvas

Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral at Dawn, 1894, oil on canvas Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

COLOR THEORY: Optical Color vs. Local Color

29-29 Claude Monet, Cathedral Rouen, 1894, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Rouen Cathedral

COLOR THEORY: Optical Color vs. Local Color

Camille Pissaro, Place du Theatre Francais, oil on canvas, 1898

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre,View of the Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c1838, daguerreotype

Bayerische National Museum, Munich

Napoleon II and his perfect Baron Haussmann laid the plans for the new Paris…more open sapce, cleaner and safer.

Camille Pissaro, Place du Theatre Francais, oil on canvas, 1898

Camille Pissaro, Place du Theatre Francais, oil on canvas, 1898

IMPRESSIONISM

Gustave Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago

IMPRESSIONISM

Mary CassattThe Bath c1892 oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago

IMPRESSIONISM

Mary Cassatt, The Bath, c1892, oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago

Suzuki Harunobu, Evening Bell, from Eight Views of the Parlor series, c1765, woodblock print, Art Institute of Chicago

IMPRESSIONISMJAPONISME (Edo Period)*japonisme" was coined in 1872 by Philippe Burty, a French art critic

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, La Goulue at the Moulin Rouge, 1891, lithograph

Philadelphia Museum of ArtHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jane Avril, 1893,

lithograph

Paris Night Life ‘Fin de siècle' and 'La Belle Époque'

James Abbott McNeill Whistler Nocturne in Black and gold 1875 oil on panelDetroit Institute of Arts

"Art for art's sake"''l'art pour l'art''

James Abbott McNeill Whistler,Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter's Mother, 1871; Oil on canvas, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturrne: Blue and Gold--Old Battersea Bridge, 1872-75; Oil on canvas, Tate Gallery, London

Georges Seurat, A Sunday on the La Grande Jatte, 1884-1886, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM

Georges Seurat, A Sunday on the La Grande Jatte (details), 1884-1886, oil on canvas

COLORY THEORY: Simultaneous Contrast

Paul Cézanne Self-Portrait c1872oil on canvasMusée d’Orsay, Paris

Paul Cézanne, A Basket of Apples, c1895, oil on canvas. Art Institute of Chicago

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Cézanne, Apples, oil on canvas, c1877-1878Provost and Fellows of Kings College, Cambridge

Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bibémus, oil on canvas, c1897The Baltimore Museum of Art

Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Château Noir, oil on canvas, 1904-1906The Bridgestone Museum of Art, Tokyo

Paul Cézanne, Mont St-Victoire, 1902-4, oil on canvasPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Paul Cézanne, The Great Bathers, 1898-1906, oil on canvasPhiladelphia Museum of Art

Vincent van GoghSelf-Portrait1888oil on canvasFogg Art MuseumHarvard University

Vincent van Gogh,The Potato Eaters, 1885, oil on canvasVan Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

Vincent van Gogh, Japonaiserie: Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige), 1887, oil on canvas

Utagawa Hiroshige, Sudden Shower Over Shinohashi Bridge and Atake,19th century, woodblock print

Brooklyn Museum of Art

Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, oil on canvas. Museum of Modern Art, New York

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night (detail), 1889, oil on canvas

Vincent Van Gogh, The Night Café, 1888, oil on canvas. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Gauguin, The Night Café at Arles, 1888, oil on canvasPushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Gauguin, The Vision after the Sermon, or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, 1888, oil on canvas

National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh

Paul Gauguin,The Yellow Christ, 1889, oil on canvas, Albright-Knox Art

Gallery, Buffalo, New York

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Gauguin, Mana’o tupapa’u (The Spirit of the Dead Watches over Her), 1892, oil on canvas. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul GauguinWhere Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going

189754 3/4 x 147 1/2 in.

oil on canvasMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Edvard MunchThe Cry (or The Scream)1893 oil, pastel, and casein on cardboardMunch Museum, Oslo, Norway

SYMBOLISM

Edvard Munch, Anxiety, 1894, oil on canvas

Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway

SYMBOLISM

Henri Matisse, The Joy of Life, 1905-6, oil on canvas. Barnes Foundation, Merion, Pennsylvania

FAUVISM

André Derain, The Turning Road at L'Estaque, 1906, oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

FAUVISM

Henri Matisse, The Green Stripe (Portrait of Mme Matisse), 1906, oil on canvas, Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenahagen

Henri Matisse, Woman with the Hat, 1905, oil on canvas, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

FAUVISM

Henri Matisse, Red Room (Harmony in Red), 1908-9, oil on canvasState Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersberg

FAUVISM

Henri Matisse, The Red Studio, 1911, oil on canvas

Henri Matisse, The Dance I, 1909, 8' 6 1/2" x 12' 9 1/2" (259.7 x 390.1 cm) oil on canvas8' 6 1/2" x 12' 9 1/2" (259.7 x 390.1 cm). Museum of Modern Art

Henri Matisse, The Piano Lesson, 1916, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art

Seated Bamana Female FigureBamana people, Maliwood with mineral pigments, organic encrustation

Henri Matisse, Decorative Figure in an Oriental Setting, 1925, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden, 1908, oil on canvasMuseum of Modern Art, New York

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Die Brücke (The Bridge)

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Berlin, 1913, oil on canvasBrücke Museum, Berlin

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Self-Portrait with Model, 1910/26, oil on canvas, Kunsthalle, Hamburg

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Bathers at Moritzburg , 1909-26, oil on canvasTate Gallery, London

Vassily Kandinsky, Cover for The Blue Rider Almanac, 1912, woodcut

Vassily Kandinsky, Blue Mountain, No. 84, 1908, oil on canvasSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)

Vassily Kandinsky, Autumn in Bavaria, 1908, oil on canvas Vassily Kandinsky, Bavarian Mountains with Villiage, 1909, oil on canvas

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)

Vassily Kandinsky, Painting with Houses, 1909, oil on canvas Vassily Kandinsky, Study for Improvisation 2, 1909, oil on canvas

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)

Vassily Kandinsky, Composition No. 2, 1910, oil on canvasSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Vassily Kandinsky, Composition IV, 1911, oil on canvasKunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28, 1912, oil painting. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Non-Representational Painting

Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 30, 1913, oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago

Franz Marc, Fate of the Animals, 1913, oil on canvasKunstmuseum, Basel

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider Group)

Pablo PicassoSelf-Portrait1896Oil on canvasMuseo Picasso, Barcelona, Spain.

Pablo PicassoSelf-Portrait 1901Oil on canvas

BLUE PERIOD

Pablo Picasso, Old Guitar Player, 1902, oil on panelPablo Picasso, Absinthe Drinker, 1902, oil on panel

Kunstmuseum, Bern

BLUE PERIOD

Pablo Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905, oil on canvasNational Gallery of Art, Washington DC

Pablo Picasso, Family of Acrobats with Monkey, 1905, oil on canvas

ROSE PERIOD (MAUVE PERIOD)

Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein, 1906-7, oil on canvasMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d’Avignon1907oil paintingMuseum of Modern Art, New York

PROTO-CUBISM

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Study, 1907, drawing pencil and pastel, Kupferstichkabinett, Basel

PabloPicasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art, New York

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907, oil paintingMuseum of Modern Art, New York

Lumba African Mask, 19th century

Pablo Picasso, Dryad, 1908, oil on canvasThe Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

Georges Braque, The Bather, 1907, oil on canvasCollection Alex Maguy, Paris

Georges Braque, Houses on the Hill, Horta de Ebro, 1909, oil on canvasMuseum of Modern Art, New York

Pablo Picasso, Houses at L’Estaque, 1908, oil on canvas, Kunstmuseum, Bern

ANALYTICAL CUBISM

Georges Braque, Still Life with Violin and Palette, 1909-10, oil on canvas, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1910, oil on canvas, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow

ANALYTICAL CUBISM

Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, oil on canvasKunstmuseum, Basel

Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Kahnweiler, 1910, oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago

ANALYTICAL CUBISM

Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning, 1912, oil on canvasMusée Picasso, Paris

Pablo Picasso, Nature Mort ‘Au Bon Marché,’ 1913, oil and pasted paper on cardboardLudwig Collection, Aachen, Germany

Georges Braque, Bottle Newspaper, Pipe and Glass, 1913, charcoal and various papers pasted on paperPrivate collection, NY

Pablo Picasso, Glass of Absinthe, 1914, painted bronze with silver sugar strainer, Museum of Modern Art, New York

Pablo Picasso, Maquette for Guitar, 1912, cardboard, string, and wire, Museum of Modern Art, New York

Pablo Picasso, Three Musicians, 1921, oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art, New York

SYNTHETIC CUBISM

Robert DelaunayChamps de Mars or The Red Tower 1911oil on canvasArt Institute of Chicago

ORPHISM