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RIVER VALLEY CIVILISATIONSINDUS & MESOPOTAMIA
Date: 1 April 2016Abhinand Gopal
PANTHALASSA Mesopotamia
Indus
PANGEA
Plate Tectonics Movement200 mil years ago
apes started descending to the land from trees, attaining upright posture and rotating the thumb
Cradle of Human Civilisation: Mesopotamia
FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN SOCIETY & ARCHITECTURE
▸ natural factors - geography, geology, climate
▸ civilisation factors - religion, social structure, technology & history of the group, economy
geography: availability of water, fertile soil & natural barriers
geology: building materials & construction
climate: building design & orientation, presence of fenestrations (doors, windows)
Egypt (5000 - 300 BC) Mesopotamia (4500 - 550 BC) Indus Valley (3000 - 1300 BC)
IRAQ SYRIA & LEVANTMESOPOTAMIA
WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
“THE LAND BETWEEN 2 RIVERS”river Euphrates & river Tigris flow through Mesopotamia, flooding in the raining season. They meet at Basra in the South East (Old testament refers to Basra as the birth of human civilization)
SAUDIA ARABIAKuwait
BASRA
Most important human invention?
wheels for transportation > pots for storing excess food & long lasting grains > trade & commerce
early Egyptian potter &introduction of chariots in war
PRESENT DAY MESOPOTAMIA: SYRIA & IRAQ
ASSYRIA, BABYLON & SUMERMOUNTAINS, PLAINS, SEAS
*Sources based on archaeology evidences claim the invention of wheel in Mesopotamia
Similar to India, Mesopotamia is land of diverse traditions, culture & multiple empires have sprouted out
THE WHEEL
the different uses of wheel based on geography in Mesopotamia
1. Assyria: chariots
2. Babylon: agriculture
3. Sumer: transportation & trade
ASSYRIA: WARRIOR LIKE GEOGRAPHY: MOUNTAINS
BABYLON: AGRICULTURE GEOGRAPHY: FERTILE LANDS
SUMER: TRADERS GEOGRAPHY: RIVER
ROUTES & SEA
Arabian Desert
Persia
THINGS TO LEARN ABOUT
MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION
▸ Assyrian Palaces - Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad
▸ Hanging Gardens of Babylon - ancient wonder
▸ Ziggurats - chief town building for worship & administration, monumental in scale
▸ citizen dwellings, building materials & construction
▸ Persia - Stone Palaces of Persepolis, present day Iran.
GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS
MESOPOTAMIA - IRAQ & SYRIA
▸ little rainfall
▸ Hot & dry climate
▸ catastrophic flooding in spring
▸ no stone or timber resources
▸ fertile soil along the rivers of Euphrates & Tigris
ASSYRIATHE NORTH: WARRIOR CLANS
ASSYRIANS: WARRIOR CLASS OF PEOPLE, BUILT FORTRESS & FORTS WITH LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS.
Symbol of Assyria
TEXT
KHORSABAD
Mosul, present day provincial capital and the fourth largest city, size of Kochi, contains
kirkuk oil fields, world’s second largest oil field
ART FORM DEPICTIONS ON WALL PANELS
main elements: injured lion, group of men (teamwork + strategy), spears as weapons & bloodshed
LAMMASU
THE LAMMASU IS A BIZARRE CREATURE TYPE WITH THE BODY OF A COW, A BIRD'S WINGS AND A HUMAN FACE WITH HORNS, BASED ON THE MESOPOTAMIAN CREATURES OF THE SAME NAME
4 m
eter
s
PLAN OF THE PALACE, KHORSABAD
▸ Palaces were raised over brick platforms and entrances flanked by large guardian figures or mythical creatures.
▸ Halls & Corridors were lined with pictograms & inscriptions upto 9 feet high
PALACE OF SARGON
The Palace is approached one through the citadels.
The Palace was arranged two main courtyards & the other buildings were arranged around other smaller courtyards with rooms around it. The building was decorated with relief sculptures.
TEXT
PALACE GATEWAYS
BUILDING MATERIALSLocal available materials were used for making houses & palaces, such as:
1. Rammed earth for foundations
2. Baked Modular mud bricks
3. Timber for support
4. Reeds
5. Wattle & daub
THE WALLED CITY
FORTIFIED CITY Dur-Sharrukin, Fortress of Sargon built in 720 BC. Built with 24 meters thick walls with stone foundation. Protecting a 3 square kilometre area. Assyrian kings built palaces within walled cities, which took precedent over religious buildings. Built on the North West side of the city.
ENTRANCE GATEWAYS TO THE CITY
MODULAR BRICKS WITH FINGER IMPRINTS
Mud modular bricks, imprinted with scriptures, family names, folk tales & nature representations.
The Birth of Language
FESTIVAL TIME, SKETCH SHOWING THE INTERIOR OF THE PALACE
unlike their Egyptian contemporaries, their walls were filled from bottom to top with artwork on mud walls
THE LAMMASUS OF THE PALACE AT LOUVRE MUSEUM, PARIS
TEXT
BABYLONTHE RIVER LANDS: AGRARIAN SOCIETY
BABYLON 1782 BC
BAGHDAD
ASCENDING SERIES OF TERRACED GARDENS SIMILAR TO TERRACE FARMING IN INDIA
BUILT BY LATER BABYLON KINGS IN 600 BC - ANCIENT WONDER OR A MYTH
THE PRESENT DAY SITE OF ANCIENT BABYLON IN RUINS
the elevated hill where the hanging gardens were to be located, a presidential palace was built. guess?
TEXT saddam hussein’s palace
THE PRESENT DAY SITE OF ANCIENT BABYLON IN RUINS
the Ishtar Gate, the Northern entry gate of the Babylon Empire.
ISHTAR GATE, ENTRY POINT TO THE CITY
PRESENT DAY BAGHDAD, CAPITAL OF IRAQ (SEAT OF THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE)
BABYLON: AGRICULTURE BASED SOCIETY, BUILT ZIGGURATS & MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES. MONARCHY.
Ancient Babylon with River Euphrates running through it
CODE OF HAMMURABIworld’s first set of civil laws
rule 229: If a builder builds a house for
someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be
put to death.
“An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”
Hammurabi, the sixth king of Babylon who laid in 1782 BC
SUMERIANSTRADE CENTRE: RIVER DELTAS & THE SEA
TRADERS & SEA VOYAGERS
SUMERIANS▸ Introduced the cart wheel
for speed & transport in the Mesopotamia civilisation.
▸ Also credited with the invention of the sailboat for import/export of goods with Egypt & Indus valley
▸ Sumerian is the first official written language script known as cuneiform ‘wedge shaped’
ZIGGURATS OF MESOPOTAMIA
Ziggurats were a form of temple common to the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians of ancient Mesopotamia.
The earliest examples of the ziggurat date from the end of the 3000 BC and the latest date from the 600 BC. Each gratifying their gods and showing the power of the town.
The farmlands were located outside the city walls.
WHAT ARE ZIGGURATS?
TEXT
ziggurats massive structures built in the
ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of
successively receding stories or levels. The
ziggurat was a piece in a temple complex that
served as an administrative center for the city
TEXT
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT AT UR, LOCAL MEANING: THE TEMPLE WHOSE FOUNDATION CREATES AURA WAS BUILT BY KING UR NAMMU IN 21ST CENTURY BC DEDICATED TO THE MOON GOD NANNA, LORD OF WISDOM.
Ur Nammu Atop the Ziggurat at Ur: “a Tower Unto the Heavens”
PROTECTED BY FORTIFIED WALLS, GARRISONS & HOUSES
THE ZIGGURATS WAS THE LANDMARK FEATURE
ZIGGURAT AS A DESIGN CONCEPT
ATRIUM VIEWArt & Design museum, New York, USA.
The concept of an inverted ziggurat was used as a form.
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, NEW YORK, USA (ARCHITECT: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, YEAR: 1959)
PERSOPOLIS BUILT BY THE ACHAEMENID EMPIRE, 600 BC
FURTHER TOWARDS THE EAST, PRESENT DAY IRAN
built out of stone, as it was available in plenty on the Iranian plateau & well protected by the Zargos mountains on the West from the Assyrians.
TEXT
PERSOPOLIS, PRESENT IRAN
Compare the architectural elements of Persepolis (left) with the Egyptian colonnades (top)?
APADANA HALL
TEXT
APADANA HALL: LARGE HYPOSTYLE HALLS TO HOLD GREAT AUDIENCE
TEXT
ANCIENT RUINS OF PERSOPOLIS CITY, PRESENT DAY IRAN
Persian King
Ahura Mazda, symbol of which religion?
Parsi, member of a group of followers in India of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster. The Parsis,
whose name means "Persians", are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the
Muslims.
Bas-relief in Persepolis - a symbol of Zoroastrian Nowruz - in day of a spring equinox power of eternally fighting bull (personifying the Earth), and a lion (personifying the Sun), are equal
Emblem of Lion & Sun
Flag of Iran, 1925 - 1979
humans hunting & killing lions shown as popular art & symbols in ancient Mesopotamia: the foundations of the Gulf Wars were laid much before, in the times of ancient history.
URBAN HOUSING, TRADE & DEVELOPMENT
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION
THINGS TO LEARN ABOUT
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
▸ Housing Units - single storey to duplex, building materials
▸ Town Planning - concepts of grids & layouts
▸ Urban Waste Management system
▸ The Great Baths & the citadels
▸ The Granaries - storages of surplus agriculture produce.
Priest King, not Narendra Modi. Mother Goddess (right)
Practice of Nature worship & presence of high priests who act as agents of god and also administrative heads.
Worship of the Sacred Bull, agriculture - trade - transportation
SIMILAR TO THE PRESENT DAY SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN MODERN DAY INDIA
DERIVED FROM THE BODY OF VAISHNAVA - THE SUPREME POWER
Societal structure in the Indus valley societies
Popular theory of mass migration of
Indus valley people to south Indian states is
based on traditions & culture.
SLAVERY WAS ABOLISHED
#1 OCCUPATION - MODULAR MUD BRICK MAKING
LARGE ENTRANCE GATEWAY TO THE INDUS TOWNS
Pashupati seal used on trade goods, wall & rock edicts.
#2 OCCUPATION - POTTERY
potters’ wheel is introduced and the mud pottery in the early times progresses to metallurgy & ceramics
Bronze Age (5000-1000 BC)
#3 Occupation: Trade
Promotion of Metallurgical works in the later Indus valley periodsIron Age (1000-300 BC)
Scales & measures for trade & business (above)
TRADE ROUTES
SILK ROAD’S PRECURSOR
Ancient trade routes laid the foundations for the Emperor Silk Road.
TEXT
Mehrgarh 7000 - 2500 BC earliest site, precursor to the Indus Valley
consisting a set of 7 villages practising farming & herding activités
Harappa 2700 BC - 1300BC
Dholavira, ancient Indus town serving as a trade post using river canals system.
Famous for the sale of clothing & beads
MODULAR BRICKS WITH TIMBER SUPPORTS
DWELLING UNITS
Modular Brick Size: 28x14x7 centimeters, made using mud moulds mixed with hay
Building Materials
Mehrgarh I, 5000 BC - Mehrgarh VII, 1300 BC, each abandoned after the previous, irregular city plans replaced by grid iron plans
MEHRGARH I - VII
First houses were singled storied, later duplex houses were designed to accommodate privacy & larger family with 1 meter undercrofts for storage of food grains
STREETS STRICTLY OPENING TO THE STREET & NOT TO THE MAIN ROAD
DUPLEX HOUSES, WITH WINDOWLESS WALLS & COURTYARD PLANNING
Horizontally laid out granaries, outside the town walls of Harappa
The Citadel in the centre of the fortified town of Harappa with closely situated Workmen quarters. Buildings laid out in along the North-South-East-West Grid Iron Patter following the cardinal points
REMAINS OF GRANARIES AT HARAPPA
The Harappa town was discovered in late 19th century, which was plundered by Railway Engineers for modular bricks to lay the Lahore Railways in the North West Province of Pakistan.
TEXT
=Mehrgarh is vanished and a new town
Mohenjodaro nearby to the river stream sprouts up, built on similar
layout as Harappa town 400kms away
▸ Grid Iron Plan
▸ N-S & E-W Orientation
▸ Wide Main Roads, Streets & Alleys providing entry to the house
▸ Bricks built on stone foundation
MOHENJA DARO TOWN PLANNING
Similar to the Iron Grid plan of Harappa
Granary placed within the Citadel complex, with the Great Bath situated along with the Citadel
Multi-storeyed granary built in Mohenja Daro in contrast with the single floor granaries of Harappa. Increase in population and reduction in the size of land lead to such measures.
The "great bath" is without doubt the earliest public water tank in the ancient world. The tank itself measures approximately 12 m north-south and 7 m wide, with a maximum depth of 2.4 meters. Two wide staircases lead down into the tank from the north and south and small sockets at the edges of the stairs are thought to have held wooden planks or treads. At the foot of the stairs is a small ledge with a brick edging that extends the entire width of the pool. People coming down the stairs could move along this ledge without actually stepping into the pool itself
Upper Town
GRID IRON PATTERNS: Main Roads: 33 Feet, Streets: 13 Feet, Lanes: 4-6 Feet wide
CITY SIZE: 1200 x 800 feet
TEXT
Plan of the Granary
TEXT
=Mehrgarh is vanished and a new town
Mohenjodaro nearby to the river stream sprouts up, built on similar
layout as Harappa town 400kms away
TEXT
Lothal, Kathiawar Area, Gujarat
BEAD FACTORIES
WARE HOUSE
DOCK
TEXT
FIRST ATTEMPT BY HUMANS AT URBANISATION
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM▸ Drainage & sewage system-
every house was provided with a water well, toilet connected an underground network to the main drain, a community well, man hole covers & septic tank
▸ Septic tanks were water purifiers that used porous pots to filter out the waste, which was later used as manure.
▸ Drains were made of clay pipes that were placed underground.
Every house had a private bathroom, private drinking water facility and well connected drainage system
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
MAIN DRAINS: 24 X 18 INCHES PRIVATE DRAIN: 20 X 9 INCHES
TEXT
TEXT
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
THE ANCIENT TRADE ROUTES SERVED AS A PRECURSOR TO THE SILK ROAD
WHAT IS THE MOST DANGEROUS THREAT TO
HUMANS TODAY?
The Creator
INVENTION: WHEEL & DISCOVERY: FIRE
TERRORISM, EXTREMISM, COMMUNAL CLASHES, CIVIL WARS: RISK TO LIFE & ARCHITECTURE
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
EGYPT
INDUS VALLEY
on top of the world
Kings came by, dynasties rose & fell, rebel kings burned scriptures & destroyed tablets, but never ever there were a time where Destruction of Architecture took place.
Bamiyan, present day Afghanistan. Buddha statue & monk settlements carved into the cliffs of Bamyan valley in the Greek-Buddhist style. Destroyed by Taliban in 2001 as it was declared an idol.
TEXT
TEXT
BEFORE AFTER 2001
TEXT
PRESENT DAY MOSUL, HEADQUARTERS OF ISIS (FORMERLY KNOWN AS ISIS: ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ LEVANT & SYRIA) - NEAR ANCIENT CAPITAL CITY OF KHORSABAD
ROMAN THEATER, PALMYRA, PRESENT DAY SYRIA
25 TEENAGERS OF ISIS KILLING 25 CAPTIVE ADULTS OF THE SYRIAN ARMY AT THE ROMAN THEATRE
TEXT
World Trade Centre, New York Built in 1973 Architect: Minoru Yamasaki Structural Engineer: Fazlur Khan, introduction of the tube frame design to achieve heights & large spacing between steel members called Vierendeel Trusses to achieve strength
the Saddam Hussein statue at the Firdos square, Baghdad (ancient Babylon) - being taken down by the US Army
AZTEC & MAYANS USED SLOPED PYRAMIDS FOR HUMAN SACRIFICES
RITUAL OF PUBLIC PUNISHMENTS USING HEIGHTS FOR CRIMES
Hatsheput, known as Djeser-Djeseru (Holy of Holies) on the western Bank of River Nile, opposite to the Temple of Luxor. On 17 Nov, ’97 six gunmen went on rampage for 45 minutes killing 58 tourists trapped inside the temple complex located in the region called Valley of the Kings.
TEXTPalestine Refugees
Homs, third largest city in Syria, destroyed by the Assad regime. Considered as the ‘capital of revolution’ in 2011. But the peaceful revolution turned into a bloody civil war displacing half of Syrian population of 22 million and later, joined by the ISIS in 2013.
Sketches Required:
Mesopotamia:
1. Ziggurat - Plan, Elevation, Section, 3D View. (Sectional 3D or Elevation - Section)
2. Design Concept of any Assyrian Palace which used military strategy in it’s buildings.
3. Explain with diagrams the town planning of Mohenja Daro Buildings & houses.
4. If you were an Indus valley architect, design an duplex house for your family in a plot of 8 x 9 meters with road on either sides. Road dimensions: Main Road - 4 meters and Street Road - 2 meters. PLOT IN RED
Date of Submission: 22 April 2016
Mode of Submission: A3 sketch books
Movies recommended for better visual understanding into Empires, house typologies & Urban Development: Urbanized, Star Wars series, Lord Of The Rings series, City of God, Salaam Bombay, Satya, Slumdog Millionaire, Zero Dark Thirty, 10,000 BC, Baahubali, American Sniper. A song of Fire & Ice - The Game of Thrones TV series.
8 X 9 NEIGHBOUR NEIGHBOUR
NEIGHBOUR NEIGHBOUR NEIGHBOUR
Street
Mai
n Ro
ad
N
TEXT
Date: 22 April 2016Abhinand GopalTHE DEMOCRACY
THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILISATION
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