Lesson 4 Patterns of Development in Writing

Patterns of

Development

Lesson 4

P S K A O H LR B Y O C T S

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T P C E O V PA E L R N O Y

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L V R I T C W EI E D A S V N S

VV I I D

R G T K O I R S IA Y M A S N E H T

RRAN A T E

Y I G N L E SD F M K P A L

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N A R R A T I O N

event

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I. Narration- the most basic pattern of development- describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence actually happened

- used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events

Components of Narrative Text

1. Logical Actions- are considered the very movements within the plot or the narrative that drive the characters forward, be it during the dialogue, or within a scene

ExampleIt was late spring the last time we saw

Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill, and he never so much as looked up even though we were sure he knew we were there. There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his fist, but there really was no reason for him to be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't coming to see him. But he stood there anyway, waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight deepened towards the evening. He must have been standing there for hours.

2. Way of Narration- refers to how the writer presents the story- includes the pace by which scenes are given out

* Having natural progression of time to the events of the story makes a good writing.

Clipped Narration“He came and talked to us. Then he left the house and then he drove the car back home.

Paced Narration“He came and talked to us for a few moments. He seemed upset, but he managed to get through all the bad news. Shaking our hands before he left the house come twilight, he seemed to feel better now that he had delivered the news. He waved from the car as he pulled out of the driveway, narrowly missing the mailbox again, and drove off to return home.”

3. Terminology- places emphasis on the fact that concepts are critical to the narration

* Writers must choose how to address terms and which ones they want to use in order to create an appropriate setting.

Concrete Terms- words that identify things, places, and events that can be measured and observed- terms that have physical manifestation in our world

Examples:

spoon, dog, house

Abstract Terms- refer to ideas or concepts that are intangible

Examples:

love, freedom, feminism

General Terms- commonly used to denote groups

- refer to an individual component of the group

Examples:

cabinets, desks, chairs

Example: furnitureSpecific Terms

Concrete: “He was shivering violently from the cold.”Abstract: “The joy in the air was palpable.”General: “He gave her a piece of jewelry.”Specific: “Each green stone had fire in its facets.”

Writing Activity

Write a narrative text about a time in your life

when you experienced an emotion strongly. Try to give as much detail as

possible.

RubricFocus30％Organization25％Integration25％Convention20％

100％

R E M H G T N A L S P D U B I T

ATED I L

O N A S O Y D N IG R C E A T L U S

SNES O R Y

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LAUQ I T Y

LAER I S T I CI L U A P R E C M ST E R S I B A T E N

D E S C R I P T I O N

sensory

look

realistic

qualitydetail

II. Description- the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location, in order to firmly set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?

Characteristics of Description

● has a clear focus and sense of purpose

● uses sensory details and precise words

● presents details in a logical order

Varieties of Description

1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as possible

* The writer stays away from emotional impressions or responses and instead, describes the scene as it is.

ExampleThe Acer barbatum is a small to medium-

sized, deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m. (50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the tip.

2. Subjective Description- a sort of description that the author would normally use to “paint a picture” of how he sees a character, or how he wants the reader to see a character- also used in a literary discourse when there is stereotyped image that can be attributed to a person, place, or an event.

ExampleMy mother had hair so dark

that it looked like a waterfall of ink. She always kept it in a braid that fell to her slim waist, and always tied with a plain black band. The braid of black slung over her shoulder, the plaits shining like scales.

Writing Activity(Group)

You are a writer of a travel magazine. The editor of the magazine asks you to write a travel article that

tells about a beautiful place where one can spend a vacation. Your task is to write a five-paragraph descriptive

article.

RubricFocus30％Organization25％Integration25％Convention20％

100％

N I E T I N W A FD O R M E G C S I

NAEM I N G

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D E F I N I T I O N

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III. Definition- explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc

Varieties of Definition

1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual way, which is often used in scientific, proper, or real world facts

2. Subjective Definition- defines the objects in a more personal way- usually derived from the author's own experiences and opinion

- often used by a writer to state something from the point of view of the characters or in relation to the setting

The term could be emphasized by the following:

1. Characteristics or features 2. Function

3. Effect

4. Origin

Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate

Writing Activity(Group)

Specific Definition: You are a medicine student. You would like to

write about the definition of a controversial medical term in your

blog. The criteria in assessing your blog are its appeal to the readers, accuracy of information, and adherence to the

style of format.

ETAC G O R YD A V E S I T OG I R C N I X Y

A T S G N X A R LE L E I T P O S M

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TIRC E R I AI D A Y R L U O EA Q C I N T R I S

ULLI S T R A TI L M G L K U F A ST C A I N R H E T O

I O N

CLASSIFICATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION

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IV.Classification and Exemplification

Classification

- divides things into groups, classes, or categories

- organizes ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards

Exemplification- provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the concept or subject matter- presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea

Signal Words for Classificationanother classified

asone kind the last

group

another kind

final type the first category

the next part

Signal Words for Exemplificationafter all for instance namely that is

as an example

in other words

put another way

to be specific

consider the following

in particular specifically to clarify

for example in short stated differently

to illustrate

ExampleDogs are domesticated animals that have

been living with humans for generations. Dogs can be classified in a number of different ways. For example, they can be classified by breed. Examples of different breeds include beagles, basset hounds, poodles and countless others as defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC). They can also be classified by their role in the lives of their masters and the work they do. For example, a dog might be a family pet, a working dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases, dogs are defined both by their breed and their role. For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a family pet.

Writing Activity(Group)

Task: You are a sales manager. A customer sent you an e-mail asking about the different types of products you sell.

You need to respond to the e-mail indicating the classification of your

products. Your message must contain the product's category and specific features.

M A U R D I N R LL I E S C L A O P

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M A U L I G T O EP S E Y N C E B R

MELE E N T

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

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V. Comparison and Contrast

- organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one anothera. separately -involves describing one item first followed by the second item

b. side-by-side -involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison

Signal Words for Comparing

also equally in the same way

similarly

as in a similar fashion

like to compare

both in comparison

likewise

Signal Words for Contrastingalthough despite instead otherwise

and yet even so however still

as opposed to

even though

nevertheless the fact remains

but in contrast nonetheless unlike

conversely in spite of on the contrary

whereas

counter to in the meantime

on the other hand

yet

ExampleAlthough I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies, they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed, under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie will always stand his ground, never giving up until he is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so different in everything they do.

Writing Activity(Group)

You are a film critic. You are to write a comparative review of two films of the same genre. Use the

comparison and contrast pattern of text development in your review.

A X Y L N A P O RC N I E U D S F L

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CAUSE AND EFFECTconsequence

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VI. Cause and Effect

- explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces

a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

Signal Words for Causeas for in view of

(the fact)owing to (the fact)

because (of the fact)

for the reason that

inasmuch as

seeing that

being that in that one reason since

due to (the fact that)

Signal Words for Effectaccordingly consequently in

consequenceso that

as a consequence

for this reason

so therefore

as a result (of this)

hence so much (so) that

thus

because(of this)

Example-

Writing Activity(Group)

Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced

thousands of others. Write a text that explains why there were so many

casualties even when they were warned of a storm surge beforehand by the officials. Use the cause and effect pattern of development in writing.

O P T E M Y N U NH C A G C L I R S

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C

PROBLEM-SOLUTION

cause

scient

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concern

VII. Problem-Solution

- focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation

Signal Words for Problem-Solutionbut the

problemone solution

is

first, second the solution

one way is

nonetheless one reason for the

Example-

Writing Activity(Group)

You are a marketing manager. You are to send business proposals to your clients

about a new product/service your company is offering. Write the main text of the

proposal using the problem-solution pattern of development. Your writing must be

concise, organized, and clear. Remember to use language appropriate to your audience and purpose. Use a professional tone and

positive words.

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DIVE E N C EE T A M I S O D IN X E N C Y V T E

C I S E T U FJ B D A H G R

CF A T

P E R S U A S I O N

argument claim

fact

evidenceconvinc

e

VIII. Persuasion

- convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic.

Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point

again in that case

to emphasize

truly

for this reason

indeed to repeat with this in mind

in fact

Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing

accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a nutshell

all in all due to in conclusion

on the whole

therefore

as a result finally in short since thus

as I have said

in any event

in summary

in essence

to sum up

Signal Words for Conceding a Pointadmittedly it is true

thatobviously true

assuredly needless to say

of course undoubtedly

certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably

granted

Example-

Writing Activity(Group)

You are an editor of a newpaper. You would like to react strongly to a new government

policy in the editorial section of the newspaper. Your editorial must contain a well-supported argumentative thesis, and

counter-arguments for opposing viewpoints. It must also encourage a certain course of

action. The criteria in assessing your editorial are its appeal to the readers,

accuracy of information, and adherence to the style and format.