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Learning TheoryDominic Egan
What works?
Find out what works for you?
Find out what works for your student?
Pick up the cues from them
Be aware of your environment
Look out for variables, limits, exclusions
Consider your presentation style
Get feedback as well as self evaluation
How do you learn?
Visual
Aural
Kinaesthetic
Read write.
Fleming,N. (2011) VARK a guide to learning styles. [online] http://www.vark-learn.com/english/index.asp (accessed 26/09/13)
Paper version
http://www.vark-learn.com/documents/The%20VARK%20Questionnaire.pdf
What can we learn from learning theory
Behaviourism
Cognitivism
Humanism
Behaviourism
Positive negative reinforcement of behaviour.
Omission of reinforcement.
Conditioning.
Variable response reinforcement is most useful.
Ignoring negative behaviour leads to extinction of the behaviour.
Behaviourism
Behavioural objectifies
Linear teaching programmes (Chaining)
Branching teaching Programmes
Mastery of learning
Task A
Task B
Task C
Vicarious learning
Learning by the observation of others
Useful with early learning stages
Promote learners to act as a role for their juniors
Cognitivism
• Put into memory
Encoding
• Maintain in memory
Storage
Memory (Two types)
Short term
Long term
• Recover from memory
Retrieval
Cognitivism
Lasts seconds – minutes
To encode we must attend to it, a selective process
How do you remember a number
Visually
Acoustically
Semantically
Try to remember this
RLBKSJ
And now this…
SPT, OARE
… and this
O AIR TEK
How did you encode these?
SPT, OARE - Visually
O AIR TEK - Acoustically?
Try remember this
25734169385
What goes wrong?
Displacement
Trying to learn too much
Can we help this?
Try chunking, or strings that are already in our long term memory
On Old Olympus
Forgetting
Proactive inhibition old info interferes with the newretroactive inhibition – new info interferes with old
Emotional, loss of STM, Decay of LTM.
Repression.
Altered recall.
Physical Damage.
Improving memory Recall
Use of mental imagery
Self Recital during study
Over learning
Organisational schemes
Factors involved in successful learning
Methods of presentation of material
Knowledge of progress and results
Distribution of practice
Study and learner methods used by the learner
Factors involved in successful learning
Implications for the teacher
Relevance of the Info
Avoid unfamiliar info
Motivation
Boredom fatigue
Over learning
Rehearsal repetition
Organisation and content
Humanism
Whole person, feelings, values, attitudes
Self direction, empowerment, autonomy, internal motivations.
Maslow - needs
Rogers - freedom to learn
Facilitation rather than teacher
Humanism cont…
Rogers principles of learning
Enable curiosity
Psychologically
Mutual respect: participation.
Expression of feeling and values
Self critique over feedback
Critical thinking development:
Absolute knowing2/3 of first years notions of fixed, correct,
Transitional knowing1/3 from certainty to uncertainty
Independent knowingAware of no certainties
Contextual knowingWithin the light of experienceBaxter Magolda M.1992 Knowing and reasoning in college students: San franciso Jossey-Bass)
Critical thinking development cont..
It implies re-processing of something learnt in order to learn more
It deals with complex ideas – not simple ones
It implies a deep approach – not superficial
It involves evaluation
There is reflexivity/ metacognition(critical consideration of own learning processes)
(Moon, 2008)
"Active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusion to which it tends". (Dewey, 2010 cited in McGregor, 2007)
“Critical thinking is not one single way of thinking, but rather it is multi -dimensional cognitive process. It demands a skilful application of knowledge and experience in making discriminating judgements and evaluations” (Jones and Brown, 1991 p. 530)
Critical thinking development cont..
Mezirow's Three Domains of Learning
Instrumental: gaining of technical knowledge
Communicative: gaining of practical knowledge
Emancipatory: gaining of emancipatory knowledge which leads to ‘transformation’ in the learner
Changing rolesNaturalContextual to past perspectivesIncremental or sudden acute
Transformative learning involves:
Becoming more reflective and critical
Being more open to the perspectives of others
Being less defensive and more accepting of new ideas
Mezirow, J. 1990. Fostering critical reflection in adulthood : a guide to transformative and emancipatory learning. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
Why?
Adult learning is inevitably related to making sense of experience through reflection
Kolb
Schon
Knowles M.
Johns C.
Mezirow
Gibbs
Gibbs Reflective Model
DescriptionWhat happened?
Evaluation
What was good and
bad about the
experience?
Action Plan
If it arose again
what would you do?
Conclusion
What else could
you have done?
FeelingsWhat were you
thinking and feeling?
AnalysisWhat sense can you make of the situation
Model for Structured Reflection - adapted from Johns (2000)
Looking in:
Find a space to focus on self
Pay attention to your thoughts and emotions
Write down these thoughts and emotions
Model for Structured Reflection - adapted from Johns (2000) cont…
Looking out:
Write a description of the situation
What issues seem significant
Aesthetics:
What was I trying to achieve?
Why did I respond as I did?
What were the consequences for myself & others?
How were others feeling?
How did I know this?
Model for Structured Reflection - adapted from Johns (2000) cont…
Looking out:
Personal
Why did I feel the way I did within this situation?
Ethics
Did I act for the best?
What factors were influencing me?
What knowledge did or could have informed me?
Model for Structured Reflection - adapted from Johns (2000) cont…
Looking out:
Reflexivity:
How does this situation relate to previous experiences?
How could I have handled this better?
What would have been the consequences of alternative actions?
How do I feel now about the experience?
How can I support myself and others better in the future?
Kolb
Stage1 - Experience (Kolb's "Concrete Experiences")Life is full of experiences we can learn from. Whether at home or at work or out and about, there are countless opportunities for us to 'kick-start' the learning cycle.
Stage 2 - Reflect (Kolb's "Reflective Observation")Reflection involves thinking about what we have done and experienced. Some people are naturally good at this. Others train themselves to be more deliberate about reviewing their experiences and recording them.
Kolb cont…
Stage 3 - Conceptualise (Kolb's "Abstract Conceptualisation")
When we pass from thinking about our experiences to interpreting them we enter into the realm of what Kolb termed 'conceptualization'. To conceptualize is to generate a hypothesis about the meaning of our experiences.
Kolb cont…
Stage 4 - Plan (Kolb's "Active Experimentation”)In the active experimentation stage of the learning cycle we effectively 'test' the hypotheses we have adopted. Our new experiences will either support or challenge these hypotheses.
To learn from our experiences it is not sufficient just to have them. This will only take us into stage 1 of the cycle. Rather, any experience has the potential to yield learning, but only if we pass through all Kolb's stages by reflecting on our experiences, interpreting them and testing our interpretations.
Summing up, learning from our experiences involves the key element of reflection. Obviously, most people don't theorize about their learning in this way, but in their learning follow Kolb's cycle without knowing it.
Borton’s framework (1970)
What Happened
So what Now what
Schon (1987)
2 types of knowledge:
Technical rationality – empirical and scientific knowledge
Tacit knowledge – intuitive knowledge in order to navigate through the “swampy lowlands” of real life practice
Reflection – give the practitioner access to tacit knowledge
Types of knowledge:
Baumard P. 1999 Tacit knowledge in organisations London: Sage
Individual knowledge
Collective knowledge
ExplicitTechnical expertise
Rules laws, regulations
Tacit Intuitiveness Wisdom of social practice
Carper (1978)
Empirical knowledge
Aesthetic knowledge
Personal knowledge
Ethical knowledge
Benner (1984)
Consider how far your portfolio demonstrates your progression form novice to expert practitioner?
Stage 1: Novice
Stage 2: Advanced Beginner
Stage 3: Competent
Stage 4: Proficient
Stage 5: The Expert
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