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Solids
crystalline
amorphous
well defined structures
no orderly structure glass
quartz
SiO2
crystal lattice system of pointsdescribes arrangement of particles
unit cell repeating structural unit lattice
7 unit cells
simple cubic
formed from packing spheres
unit cells
crystalline solids
hexagonal closest packing
“abab” layers “abca” layers
cubic packing
“aaa” layers
in 3 dimensions
hexagonal closest pack cubic closest pack
“abab” layers
simple cubic body centered cubic
Three-Dimensional Cubic Lattices
Simple cubic
Face-centered cubic
Body-centered cubic
1/8x 8 =1 particle
(1/8 )x 8 + 1 = 2 particles
(1/8 )x 8 (1/2 )x 6+ = 4 particles
cubic closest pack
a a a
a b a b
a b c a b c
coordination number = 6
coordination number = 8
coordination number = 12
Calculation of atomic radii
Cu faced-centered cubic
density = 8.92 g/cm3
mass = 63.546 g/mol
63.546 gmol
1 mol6.022 x 1023 atoms
4 atomsunit cell 8.92 g
cm3
4.732 x 10-23 cm3 / unit cell( )1/3
= 3.617 x 10-8 cm
(3.617 x 10-8)2 + (3.617 x 10-8)2 = (4r)2
r = 1.279 x 10-8 cm1 cm1 x 10-2 m
1 x 10-12 m1 pm = 127 pm
r+2r+r
lattice parameter, a
X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals
Bragg Equation n = 2d sin
diffraction interference between waves caused byobject in their pathconstructive or destructive
d
Types of Crystalline Solids
Covalent Ionic Molecular atoms in lattice ions in lattice molecules in lattice
m.p. depends on bonding forces
Cdiamond 3550oC NaCl 800OC H2O 0oC
covalent ionic H-bonding
Covalent solidsatoms in lattice
carbon
sp3 sp2 sp2
hardest material known conduct electricity - e-
diamond
doesn’t conduct electricity
graphite buckminsterfullerene
Covalent solidsatoms in lattice
metals every lattice point - atom of 1 metal
body-centered cubicface-centered cubichexagonal close packed
brass substitutional alloy
steel interstitial alloy
share valence e- e- “sea”
melting pointNa 97oCCr 1890oC
good conductors
Ionic Solids
trigonal hole tetrahedral hole octahedral holetoo small r = 0.225 R r = 0.414 R
composed of charged species –
anions and cationseach unit cell -
anions at lattice points cations in “holes”NaCl face-centered cubicCsCl simple cubic
unit cell neutralstoichiometry of compound
different in size
Molecular Solids molecules in lattice
hemoglobin reaction center
19881962Perutz and Kendrew Deisenhofer, Huber and Michel
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