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United States WaterwaysUnited States Waterways
Introduction to Basic Introduction to Basic Aid to NavigationAid to Navigation
K38 Safe Boating Education Review
Successfully Complete a NASBLA Approved Boating Education Course
Use at Your Own RiskThank you Doug Knutzen
Copyright 2015
Training ObjectivesTraining Objectives
1. Review the definitions for the various Federal and Private AtoNs
2. Understand why AtoNs are established
3. Understand the specific purpose of the various AtoNs
4. Become familiar with the flash characteristics used on AtoNs
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 1
AToN System Definitions
IALA = International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
Divides the world into 2 regions:
Region “A”: Most of the World
Region “B”: North & South America, Japan, Korea, and the
Philippines
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 2
AToN System Definitions
The USA uses the IALA-B System
IALA-B = Red, Right, Returning from sea
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 3
Region “B”
Red – Even - Triangles and nuns
Green - Odd - Squares and cans
Region “A”
Green – Even - Triangles
Red - Odd – Squares
AtoN System Modes
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 4
ATON System Names
US MARKING SYSTEM
INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY SYSTEM
WESTERN RIVER SYSTEM
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 5
Lateral Marks
Define the port and starboard sides of a channel or fairway being followed
Their most frequent use is to mark the sides of channels - may be used individually to mark obstructions located outside of clearly defined channels
Have three criteria that assist the mariner in their quick identification 1. shape
2. color
3. numbering
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 7
United States Marking System States Marking System
Lateral System Numbering
• Red aids get even numbers (2, 4, 6)Red aids get even numbers (2, 4, 6)
• Green aids get odd numbers (1, 3, 5)Green aids get odd numbers (1, 3, 5)
• Number (s)start from sea and increase toward shoreNumber (s)start from sea and increase toward shore
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Conventional Direction of Buoyage
Used for marking the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW)
and the off-shore ocean buoys along the coast
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Definition of an Aid to Navigation
Any device, external to a vessel,
intended to assist navigators to
determine their position, safe
course, or to warn them of
dangers or obstructions to
navigation
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Definition of a Beacon of a Beacon
Any fixed aid to navigation located on a shore or marine site
Lighted beacons are called LightsLights
Unlighted beacons are called
DaybeaconsDaybeacons or DaymarksDaymarks
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Definition of a DaymarkDefinition of a Daymark
The daytime identifier of an aid to navigation presenting one of
several colors, shapes, numerals or letters
Shape may be square, triangle, rectangle, diamond or octagon
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 14
Preferred Channel MarksPurpose - Marks junctions
Description
Color - Red & Green horizontally banded(top color band is preferred channel)
Shape - Same as preferred channel (uppermost band is preferred channel)
Character - Letter not number
Light - Same color as uppermost band
Characteristic - Gp Fl (2+1) 6s
NN
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In the main channel, pass on your port side returning from the sea
In the secondary channel, pass on your starboard side
“Red Right Returning”
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Safe Water Mark
Purpose
Indicates navigable water all around the mark
DescriptionColor - Red and White vertically striped
Shape - Sphere or Buoy with Topmark
Character - White letter (ex. “NC” North Channel) Light Color - White Characteristic - Mo(A) G
NN
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 23
Regulatory and Information Marks
Purpose
Alert the mariner to such things as submerged pipes, no wake zones
DescriptionColor - White with orange band or borderShape - Square, Round, or DiamondCharacter - Letters (black, usually words)Light - White
EXCLUSION AREA
RESTRICTEDOPERATIONS
DANGER
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 28
Range Marks
Purpose
Indicate the center line of a channel when aligned as you traverse the channel
DescriptionColor- They will have colored panels equal in size vertical stripedShape- Rectangle tall side upLight - Green, Red, White and YellowFront range light is lower of the twoRear range light is higher and further from the marinerKGW = Range Green with White Stripe
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WRECK MARKS
Purpose
To alert the mariner to wrecks
DescriptionColor - Appropriate to side of channelShape - Appropriate to side of channelCharacter - White letters “WR”, numbered in sequence with channel (WR2)Light - Same as buoy colorCharacteristic - Quick Flashing
(unless aid is a preferred channel aid)
WRWR
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 31
DAY MARK
Some markers will have no lateral significance. They are not designed to indicate the channel but rather, to help you determine where you are
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Light Structures
Major LighthousesAre named. e.g. Boston LightSymbol is large exclamation pointFixed position
Minor Lights
Not named
Same symbol
Fixed position
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Enclosed edifice that houses protects, displays, or supports visual, audible, or radio aids to navigation
–All US Lighthouses are now unmanned (except Boston Light)
Lighthouse
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Light Patterns
Fixed (F) – continuous, unblinking light
Flashing (Fl) – light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency not greater than 30 per minute
Quick Flashing (Q) – light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency is at least 60 per minute
Very Quick Flashing (VQ) – light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency is at least 100 per minute
Interrupted Quick Flashing (IQ) – like quick flashing but having a brief, extended darkness period
Isophase (Iso) – Light has equal duration between light and darkness. Period consists of both light and dark interval. Also called Equal Interval (E Int)
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Light PatternsGroup Flashing (Gp Fl (x+x)) – Combination of two patterns in one period, i.e. 2 flashes followed by three flashes
Occulting (Occ) – Opposite of flashing – light is on more than it is off
Alternating (AL) – Alternating light changes color. Special purpose light for situations requiring significant caution. Example shows AL.WG, alternating white and green light
Morse (Mo) – Morse code light signal. Example is Morse “U” which is two short flashes followed by one prolonged flash then a period of darkness. Shown as (Mo(U)) on charts
Long Flashing (LFL) – One long flash in a period with lighted period of at least 2 seconds
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Timing for Lights
Lights are timed for 60 seconds
See Standard Rhythms Table for time
i.e. Quick, 60 flashes/minFL 4, 15 fl/min and FL 6, 10 fl/minutes
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Intracoastal Waterway - ICW
• Begins in New Jersey
• Goes south to the Florida Keys
• Then north along the west coast of Florida
• Then west along the Gulf of Mexico to Brownsville, Texas
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Intracoastal Waterway Marks
When aids in a channel are also used to identify an ICW channel
The normal “Red right returning from the sea” rule applies to both
K38 Safe Boating Education Review 39
Intracoastal Waterway Marks
• Yellow Yellow triangles, squares and bands are used to identify ICW marks
• The material used is retro-reflective
• YellowYellow triangles are usually displayed on red lateral marks used on the ICW
• Yellow Yellow squares usually are usually displayed on greengreen lateral marks used on the ICW
• Yellow Yellow bands are displayed on non-lateral ATONS used on the ICW
Retro-reflective
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