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Inland Fisheries and Climate Change - A Case Study of the Lake Chilwa Fishery. Daniel Jamu, The WorldFish Center, Malawi.
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INLAND FISHERIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
A CASE STUDY OF THE LAKE CHILWA FISHERY
Daniel Jamu
WorldFish Center, Malawi
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Objective
• To illustrate that inland fisheries productivity and livelihoods are affected by climatic anomalies resulting from climate change impacts affect
• To present and share experiences on climate change adaptation in inland fisheries from an on-going project in the Lake Chilwa Basin, Malawi.
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Inland Fisheries and Climate Change
• Lake Tanganyika: Warming climate has increased surface water temperature, reduced primary productivity and reduced fish catch rate over the last century (O’Reilly, 2003);
• Lake Malawi: evidence of warming and eutrophication (Vollmer et al., 2005, Otu et al., 2011)
• Shallow lakes(Chad, Bangweulu, Chilwa) – Surface area and water levels fluctuate with regional
rainfall anomalies– Fish catches, fishing activity and livelihoods mirror
observed fluctuations (Jul-Larsen, 2003)
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Malawi Fisheries Fact Sheet• 65,000MT = total annual production• US$64m = annual value (beach value) of
fisheries production• 500,000 = Number of people supported by
the fisheries sector• 15 = Rank (n=132 in terms of vulnerability
of national economy to climate-change driven impacts on fisheries (Allison et al.,2008)
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LAKE CHILWA CASE STUDY• Ramsar site• Area: 2,310 km2 (1,836 km2
open water)• Shallow (Mean Depth =
1.5m; Max. Depth = 2.5m)• High fish production
(16,000MT per year)• Fish valuable resource
(US$17m/year)
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LAKE CHILWA CASE STUDY
• Lake levels dependent on rainfall
• Fish production driven by lake levels
• Prone to partial or complete drying
• Dried 8 times in last 100 years
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Rainfall variability and lake water levels
Relationship between lake levels and rainfall at Chileka (nearest station with reliable rainfall data (Rebelo et al., 2011)
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Lake Chilwa prone to periodic drying
Lake Chilwa normal year (Left) and Lake Chilwa dry year (Right)
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Non-climatic factors affecting lake water levels changes
• Increased runoff and siltation– Poor agricultural
practices + Deforestation
• Wetland and forest biomass burning– Reduced silt deposition
in wetland– Accelerated runoff
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Lake water level variability and fish production
Historical mean annual lake level (m) of Lake Chilwa and total catch(metric tons). Arrows show periods of partial (broken) and complete (solid) line
1962
1963
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0
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14CatchMean Lake Level (m)
Year
Cat
ch (
tonn
es)
Mea
n La
ke L
evel
(m
)
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Fish production and livelihoods
19831985
19871989
19911993
19951997
19992001
20030
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Gear owners Crew
Individuals
Livelihoods of fishers, traders and basin communities mirror changes in lake hydrology . Arrows denote periods of complete drying
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Responding to impacts of climate change on livelihoods in the basin
LAKE CHILWA BASIN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROGRAMME
• Funded by Royal Norwegian Embassy• Implemented by LEAD/University of Malawi,
WorldFish Center and Forestry Research Institute of Malawi
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Overall Goal
• To secure the livelihoods of 1.5 million people in the Lake Chilwa Basin and build capacity of rural communities to manage the impacts of climate change.– Capacity strengthening– Improve adaptive capacity– Facilitate cross-sector planning and
management for climate change in the basin
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Programme Design Framework
Exposure
Sensitivity
Impact Vulnerability
Adaptive capacity
Adger,2000, IPCC, 2001
ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
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Climate Change Vulnerability
Variable Sensitivity Resilience
Fish catches High High
Lake ecosystem High Medium
Incomes High Low
Livelihoods High Low
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Adaptive capacity of Lake Chilwa Communities-Findings
• Strong social capital • Weak human, financial, natural and
physical capital– Low literacy– Low incomes and poor access to credit– Degraded forests and agricultural land;
declining fish catches– Dilapidated educational and health
infrastructure
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Addressing weak adaptive capacity
Adaptive capacity measure
Activity
Financial (income) Value addition and linking commodity enterprises to markets
Financial (savings and loans)
Link farmers and fishers to banks and business management services
Natural Afforestation and enhanced monitoring of water, soil and fisheries
Physical Facilitate communities to demand social services
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CLIMATIC ANOMALIES AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Climate change
Climatic anomalies
Increased rainfall
High temperatures
High Fish Catches
High Post Harvest Losses
High Firewood consumption
Low fisher income
Reduced adaptive capacity
High deforestation rate
Reduced natural capital
High water levels
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FISH VALUE ADDITION AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
• Smoking kilns reduce post-harvest losses and save firewood by 30%
• Save 2400 tons of wood (30ha of mature forest)
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FISH VALUE ADDITION AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Reduction of post harvest losses and improved food safety by solar fish driers = Increased Incomes
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STRENGHTENING CAPACITY OF WOMEN FISH TRADERS
Leadership training• Women fish processors participating
in a National Agriculture Fair.
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INCREASING ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
• Participatory fish monitoring using log books– Reduced IUU – Improved
management
Spatial mapping of fishing areas
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INCREASING ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
Afforestation of degraded slopes Promotion of village forest areas
Regulate river flow and reduce siltation of Lake Chilwa
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INCREASING ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
Conservation agriculture to reduce soil erosion and runoff to the lake
Soil erosion monitoring to inform farmers and managers
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INCREASING ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
Long term lake water level monitoring
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CONCLUDING REMARKS• Lake Chilwa ecosystem and communities is an
example of an inland fishery affected by climatic anomalies resulting from climate change impacts
• IPCC framework for defining vulnerability relevant for design and implementation of Lake Chilwa climate change adaptation programme
• Adaptive capacity measures which achieve economic benefits in the short term are good candidates for quick wins during early stages of implementation of adaptation projects
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