Honors Biology - Macromolecules (Slide Builds)

The Chemistry of Life

What are living creatures made of?

Why do we have to eat?

1

Elements of Life

2

§ 96% of living organisms is made of:

Elements of Life

2

§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)

Elements of Life

2

§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)

Elements of Life

2

§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)n hydrogen (H)

Elements of Life

2

§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)n hydrogen (H)n nitrogen (N)

Elements of Life

2

Molecules of Life

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?

u carbohydrates

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?

u carbohydrates § sugars & starches

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?

u carbohydrates § sugars & starches

u proteins

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?

u carbohydrates § sugars & starches

u proteinsu fats (lipids)

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?

u carbohydrates § sugars & starches

u proteinsu fats (lipids)u nucleic acids

3

Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different

ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?

u carbohydrates § sugars & starches

u proteinsu fats (lipids)u nucleic acids

§ DNA, RNA

3

Why do we eat?

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair

u Food to make energy

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair

u Food to make energy§ calories

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair

u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair

u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP

ATP

4

Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals

u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair

u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP

4

What do we need to eat?

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy§ for building & running bodies

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy§ for building & running bodies

u carbohydratesu proteins

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy§ for building & running bodies

u carbohydratesu proteinsu fats

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy§ for building & running bodies

u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acids

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy§ for building & running bodies

u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitamins

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy§ for building & running bodies

u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitaminsu minerals, salts

5

What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks

& more energy§ for building & running bodies

u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitaminsu minerals, saltsu water

5

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2O

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic

§ doesn’t contain carbon

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic

§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic

§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

u organic molecules

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic

§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

u organic molecules§ carbohydrates

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic

§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic

§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins§ fats

Don’t forget water

6

§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic

§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins§ fats§ nucleic acids

Don’t forget water

6

2006-2007

How do we make these molecules?

7

2006-2007

How do we make these molecules?

We build them!

7

Building large molecules of life

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

§ Big molecules built from little molecules

8

Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules

u building block molecules = monomers

§ Big molecules built from little moleculesu polymers

8

§ Small molecules = building blocks

§ Bond them together = polymers

Building large organic molecules

9

§ Small molecules = building blocks

§ Bond them together = polymers

Building large organic molecules

9

§ Small molecules = building blocks

§ Bond them together = polymers

Building large organic molecules

9

§ Small molecules = building blocks

§ Bond them together = polymers

Building large organic molecules

9

Building important polymers

10

Building important polymersCarbohydrates = built from sugars

10

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars

10

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acids

10

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acidsaminoacid

aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid–

10

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

aminoacid

aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid–

10

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

aminoacid

aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid–

10

How to build large molecules

11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

+

11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

+

11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

+

11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction

+

11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction

+

ATP11

How to build large molecules§ Synthesis

u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction

+

11

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer

12

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer§ Synthesis

u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–

§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O

u requires energy & enzymes

12

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer§ Synthesis

u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–

§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O

u requires energy & enzymes

Dehydration synthesis

12

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer§ Synthesis

u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–

§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O

u requires energy & enzymes

Dehydration synthesisCondensation reaction

12

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer§ Synthesis

u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–

§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O

u requires energy & enzymes

enzymeDehydration synthesisCondensation reaction

12

How to take large molecules apart

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apart

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apart

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apart

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apart

+

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apart

+

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials

§ for synthesis & growth

+

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials

§ for synthesis & growthu making energy (ATP)

§ for synthesis, growth & everyday functions

+

13

How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion

u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials

§ for synthesis & growthu making energy (ATP)

§ for synthesis, growth & everyday functions

+

ATP13

H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

How to break down a polymer

14

H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

How to break down a polymer§ Digestion

u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–

w H+ & OH– attach to ends

u requires enzymesu releases energy

14

H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

How to break down a polymer§ Digestion

u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–

w H+ & OH– attach to ends

u requires enzymesu releases energy

Hydrolysis

14

H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

How to break down a polymer§ Digestion

u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–

w H+ & OH– attach to ends

u requires enzymesu releases energy

HydrolysisDigestion

14

H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

How to break down a polymer§ Digestion

u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–

w H+ & OH– attach to ends

u requires enzymesu releases energy

HydrolysisDigestion

enzyme

14

Example of digestion

15

Example of digestion

15

Example of digestion

15

Example of digestion

starch

15

Example of digestion

starch

15

Example of digestion

starch

15

Example of digestion

starch

15

Example of digestion

starch

15

Example of digestion

starch

15

Example of digestion

starch

15

Example of digestion

starch glucose

15

Example of digestion

starch glucose

ATP

15

Example of digestion

starch glucose

ATP

ATP

15

Example of digestion

starch glucose

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATPATP

15

Example of digestion

starch glucoseATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATPATP

15

Example of digestion

starch glucose

15

Example of digestion

starch glucose

§ Starch is digested to glucose

15

Example of synthesis

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids protein

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids protein

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids protein

amino acids = building block

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids protein

amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer

16

Example of synthesis

amino acids protein

amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer

§ Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

16

17

Carbohydrates

17

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

18

Carbohydrates:OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

18

Carbohydrates:OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Energy molecules

18

Carbohydrates

19

Carbohydrates

19

Carbohydrates

§ Building block molecules =

19

Carbohydrates

§ Building block molecules = sugars

19

Carbohydrates

§ Building block molecules =

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

sugars

19

Carbohydrates

§ Building block molecules =

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

sugars

19

sucrose

Carbohydrates

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyglucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyu energy storage glucose

C6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyu energy storageu structure

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyu energy storageu structure

§ cell wall in plants

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyu energy storageu structure

§ cell wall in plants

§ Examples

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyu energy storageu structure

§ cell wall in plants

§ Examplesu sugars

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyu energy storageu structure

§ cell wall in plants

§ Examplesu sugars u starches

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

sucrose

Carbohydrates§ Function:

u quick energyu energy storageu structure

§ cell wall in plants

§ Examplesu sugars u starches u cellulose (cell wall)

glucoseC6H12O6

starch20

Sugars = building blocks

21

Sugars = building blocks -ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in -ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

-ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

u glucose

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

-ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

u glucose

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6 fructose

-ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

u glucoseu fructose

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6 fructose

-ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

u glucoseu fructose

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

-ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

u glucoseu fructoseu sucrose

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

-ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

u glucoseu fructoseu sucroseu maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

-ose

21

Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in

u glucoseu fructoseu sucroseu maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

21

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|maltose

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugar

di = two

22

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|glucose

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose

(table sugar)

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose

(table sugar)

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose

(table sugar)

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose

(table sugar)

2 sugars = disaccharide

23

Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose

(table sugar)

2 sugars = disaccharide

How sweetit is!

23

BIG carbohydrates

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plants

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogen

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plants

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

§ chitin

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi

n exoskeleton

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi

n exoskeleton

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi

n exoskeleton

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi

n exoskeleton

24

BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides

u large carbohydrates§ starch

w energy storage in plantsn potatoes

§ glycogenw energy storage in animals

n in liver & muscles§ cellulose

w structure in plantsn cell walls

§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi

n exoskeleton

poly = many

24

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

25

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide

25

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

energystorage

polysaccharide

25

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch

energystorage

polysaccharide

25

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch(plant)

energystorage

polysaccharide

25

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch(plant)

glycogen

energystorage

polysaccharide

25

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch(plant)

glycogen(animal)

energystorage

polysaccharide

25

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

enzyme

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

enzyme

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

enzyme

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

enzyme

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

enzyme

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

26

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

26

Cellulose

27

Cellulose § Cell walls in plants

27

Cellulose § Cell walls in plants

u herbivores can digest cellulose well

27

Cellulose § Cell walls in plants

u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

27

Cellulose § Cell walls in plants

u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

27

Cellulose § Cell walls in plants

u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

§ cellulose = roughage

27

Cellulose § Cell walls in plants

u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

§ cellulose = roughagew stays undigested

27

Cellulose § Cell walls in plants

u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

§ cellulose = roughagew stays undigestedw keeps material

moving in your intestines

27

28

Proteins

28

Proteins:

29

Proteins:Multipurpose molecules

29

Proteins

30

Proteins Examples

30

Proteins Examples

30

Proteins Examples

u muscle

30

Proteins Examples

u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins Examples

u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins Examples

u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

§ collagen, keratin

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins Examples

u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

§ collagen, keratin pepsin

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins Examples

u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

§ collagen, keratin u pepsin

pepsin

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins Examples

u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

§ collagen, keratin u pepsin

§ digestive enzyme in stomach

pepsin

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins

insulin

Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

§ collagen, keratin u pepsin

§ digestive enzyme in stomach

pepsin

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins

insulin

Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

§ collagen, keratin u pepsin

§ digestive enzyme in stomach

u insulin

pepsin

30

collagen (skin)

Proteins

insulin

Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws

§ collagen, keratin u pepsin

§ digestive enzyme in stomach

u insulin§ hormone that controls blood

sugar levels

pepsin

30

Proteins

31

Proteins§ Function:

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to another

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

§ movement

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

§ movementwmuscle

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

§ movementwmuscle

§ immune system

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

§ movementwmuscle

§ immune systemwprotect against germs

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

§ movementwmuscle

§ immune systemwprotect against germs

§ enzymes

31

Proteins§ Function:

umany, many functions§ hormones

wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin

§ movementwmuscle

§ immune systemwprotect against germs

§ enzymeswhelp chemical reactions

31

Proteins

§ Building block =

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

32

Proteins

§ Building block =

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

amino acids

32

Proteins

§ Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid– amino

acid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

amino acids

32

Proteins

§ Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid– amino

acid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

amino acids

u 20 different amino acids

32

Proteins

§ Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid– amino

acid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

variable group

amino acids

u 20 different amino acids

32

Proteins

§ Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid– amino

acid– aminoacid– amino

acid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH||O

variable group

amino acids

u 20 different amino acidsThere’s

20 of us…like 20 different

letters in analphabet!

Can make lots of differentwords

32

Amino acid chains§ Proteins

u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)

33

Amino acid chains§ Proteins

u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

33

Amino acid chains§ Proteins

u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)

§ Each amino acid is different

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

33

Amino acid chains§ Proteins

u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)

§ Each amino acid is different u some “like” water & dissolve in it

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

33

Amino acid chains§ Proteins

u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)

§ Each amino acid is different u some “like” water & dissolve in itu some “fear” water & separate from it

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

33

pepsin

For proteins: SHAPE matters!

collagen

hemoglobingrowth

hormone

34

pepsin

For proteins: SHAPE matters!

collagen

§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape

hemoglobingrowth

hormone

34

pepsin

For proteins: SHAPE matters!

collagen

§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapeu that’s what happens in the cell!

hemoglobingrowth

hormone

34

pepsin

For proteins: SHAPE matters!

collagen

§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapeu that’s what happens in the cell!

§ Different shapes = different jobs

hemoglobingrowth

hormone

34

Primary (1°) structure

lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

35

Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain

lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

35

Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain

u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function

lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

35

Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain

u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function

lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

35

Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain

u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function§ even just one amino acid change

can make all the difference!

lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

35

Secondary (2°) structure

36

Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”

36

Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”

u folding along short sections of polypeptide

36

Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”

u folding along short sections of polypeptideu interactions between

adjacent amino acids

36

Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”

u folding along short sections of polypeptideu interactions between

adjacent amino acidsu forms sections of

3-D structure

36

Tertiary (3°) structure

37

Tertiary (3°) structure§ “Whole molecule folding”

37

Tertiary (3°) structure§ “Whole molecule folding”

u interactions between distant amino acids

37

Quaternary (4°) structure

38

Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded

together

38

Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded

together u only then does polypeptide become

functional protein

38

Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded

together u only then does polypeptide become

functional protein

collagen = skin & tendons38

Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded

together u only then does polypeptide become

functional protein

collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin38

Protein structure (review)

39

Protein structure (review)

1°

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA

2°

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA R groups

short 3D segments

2°

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA R groups

short 3D segments

3°

2°

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA R groups

short 3D segments

R groupswhole molecule folding3°

2°

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA R groups

short 3D segments

R groupswhole molecule folding3°

4°

2°

39

Protein structure (review)

amino acid sequence

peptide bonds

1°

determinedby DNA R groups

short 3D segments

R groupswhole molecule folding3°

multiple polypeptides

4°

2°

39

It’s SHAPE that matters!

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

u wrong shape = can’t do its job

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”

§ temperature

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”

§ temperature§ pH (acidity)

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”

§ temperature§ pH (acidity)

folded40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”

§ temperature§ pH (acidity)

folded

unfolded“denatured”

40

It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because

of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape

u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”

§ temperature§ pH (acidity)

folded

unfolded“denatured”

In Biology,it’s not the size,it’s the SHAPEthat matters!

40

41

Lipids: Fats & Oils

41

Lipids

42

LipidsConcentrated energy molecules

42

Lipids

43

Lipids § Examples

43

Lipids § Examples

u fats

43

Lipids § Examples

u fatsuoils

43

Lipids § Examples

u fatsuoilsuwaxes

43

Lipids § Examples

u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones

43

Lipids § Examples

u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones

§ sex hormones

43

Lipids § Examples

u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones

§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)

43

Lipids § Examples

u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones

§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)westrogen (female)

43

Lipids § Examples

u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones

§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)westrogen (female)

43

Lipids

44

Lipids

§ Function:

44

Lipids

§ Function:u energy storage

44

Lipids

§ Function:u energy storage

§ very concentrated

44

Lipids

§ Function:u energy storage

§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!

44

Lipids

§ Function:u energy storage

§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!

u cell membrane

44

Lipids

§ Function:u energy storage

§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!

u cell membraneu cushions organsu insulates body

44

Lipids

§ Function:u energy storage

§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!

u cell membraneu cushions organsu insulates body

§ think whale blubber!

44

Structure of Fat

45

Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

45

Saturated fats

46

Saturated fats§ Most animal fats

46

Saturated fats§ Most animal fats

u solid at room temperature

46

Saturated fats§ Most animal fats

u solid at room temperature

§ Limit the amount in your diet

46

Saturated fats§ Most animal fats

u solid at room temperature

§ Limit the amount in your dietu contributes to

heart disease

46

Saturated fats§ Most animal fats

u solid at room temperature

§ Limit the amount in your dietu contributes to

heart disease u deposits in

arteries

46

Unsaturated fats

47

Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats

47

Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats

u liquid at room temperature

47

Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats

u liquid at room temperature§ the fat molecules

don’t stack tightlytogether

47

Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats

u liquid at room temperature§ the fat molecules

don’t stack tightlytogether

§ Better choice in your diet

47

Saturated vs. unsaturated

48

Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated

48

Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated

48

Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated

48

Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated

ü48

Other lipids in biology

49

Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol

49

Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol

u good molecule in cell membranes

49

Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol

u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it

49

Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol

u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it

§ including sex hormones

49

Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol

u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it

§ including sex hormonesu but too much cholesterol in blood may

lead to heart disease

49

Other lipids in biology

50

Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids

50

Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids

u phospholipids

50

Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids

u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water

50

Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids

u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water

§ “like” water

50

Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids

u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water

§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water

50

Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids

u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water

§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water

§ “scared” of water

50

Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids

u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water

§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water

§ “scared” of wateru forms a barrier

between the cell & the outside

50

Nucleic Acids:

51

Nucleic Acids:Information molecules

51

Nucleic Acids

52

Nucleic Acids Examples

u DNA

52

Nucleic Acids Examples

u DNA

52

Nucleic Acids Examples

u DNA

52

Nucleic Acids Examples

u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic

Acidu RNA

52

Nucleic Acids Examples

u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic

Acidu RNA

§ RiboNucleic Acid

52

Nucleic Acids Examples

u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic

Acidu RNA

§ RiboNucleic Acid

RNA52

Nucleic Acids

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgenes

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

wblueprint for new cells

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation

53

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation

53

DNA

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation

53

DNA

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation

53

DNA

Nucleic Acids§ Function:

ugenetic material§ stores information

wgeneswblueprint for building proteins

n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information

wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation

proteins

53

Nucleic acids

§ Building block =

phosphate

sugar N base

54

Nucleic acids

§ Building block = nucleotides

phosphate

sugar N base

54

Nucleic acids

§ Building block = nucleotides

phosphate

sugar N base

54

Nucleic acids

§ Building block = nucleotidesnucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

54

Nucleic acids

§ Building block = nucleotides

u 5 different nucleotides

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

54

Nucleic acids

§ Building block = nucleotides

u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen bases

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

54

Nucleic acids

§ Building block = nucleotides

u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen basesu A, T, C, G, U

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

54

Nucleic acids

§ Building block = nucleotides

u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen basesu A, T, C, G, U

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

Nitrogen basesI’m the

A,T,C,G or Upart!

54

Nucleotide chains

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate

sugar N base

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sided

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sided

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sidedwdouble helix

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T

§ RNA

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T

§ RNA

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

RNA55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T

§ RNAwsingle-sided

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

RNA55

Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids

u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA

wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T

§ RNAwsingle-sidedwA, C, G, U

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

RNA55

DNA

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands

weak bonds

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T

weak bonds

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T

weak bonds

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T

§ C pairs with G weak bonds

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T

§ C pairs with GwC :: G

weak bonds

56

DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix

u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T

§ C pairs with GwC :: G

u the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it

weak bonds

56

Copying DNA

57

Copying DNA§ Replication

57

Copying DNA§ Replication

u copy DNA

57

Copying DNA§ Replication

u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are

complementary

57

Copying DNA§ Replication

u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are

complementary§ they are matching

57

Copying DNA§ Replication

u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are

complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other

57

Copying DNA§ Replication

u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are

complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other§ have one, can rebuild the whole

57

Copying DNA§ Replication

u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are

complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other§ have one, can rebuild the whole

57

Newly copied strands of DNA

DNA replication

58

§ Copying DNA

Newly copied strands of DNA

DNA replication

58

§ Copying DNAu pairing of the bases

allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand

Newly copied strands of DNA

DNA replication

58