History of Educational Technology

Educational Technology is the development , application and evaluation of systems , techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning .

Educational Technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning and the conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the teaching and training .

Educational Technology is the systematic way of designing , implementing and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives based on research in human learning and communication and employing a combination of human and non-human resources to bring about more effective instruction .

Stone Age people knew how to make a picture to represent an object . Cave dwellers painted pictures of animals on the walls of caves .

(The New Book of Knowledge)

Hebrew and Phoenicians were the first to use an alphabet .

A group of Greek teachers known as Sophists , with their clever arguments and oratorical styles , were credited for the basic philosophical foundations of western thought .

In the 15th century , Johann Gutenberg invented the Printing Press .

Technological innovations , including the development of textbooks , blackboards and improvement of pen and ink , were seen in the 19th century . In the medieval Europe , monks made books and called manuscript books , by writing on parchment with pens made from quills .

Johann Amos Comenius Achieved fame as a reformer and writer of

innovative textbooks and other educational works . He wrote Janus Linguarium Reserata ( The Gate

of Language Unlocked ) , a latin language textbook that taught basic vocabulary of eight thousand words and latin grammar .

He was recognized as the pioneer of Modern Instructional Technology with his publication in 1657 of Orbis Sensualium Pictus ( The Visible World Pictured ) , the first illustrated textbook specifically designed for use by children in an instructional setting .

Johann Friedrich Herbart

Herbartian method of Teaching Five formal steps of Teaching : Preparartion Presentation Comparison Abstraction Generalization Application

Johann Heinrich Peztallozi

He believed that the teaching in more effective if it proceeds from concrete to abstract , hence the use of real and actual objects involving n\more senses .

Known as the Father of Kindergarten

Emphasized the use of actual objects which could be manipulated by learners

Friedrich Froebel

Maria Montesorri

Montesorri Method of teaching

Emphasized Sensory Training

Edward Lee Thorndike Conducted scientific investigation of learning , resulting to the development of the first scientific theory of learning

Father of Instructional Technology

John Dewey

Advanced the ideas of Pragmatism

Visual Education began in the late 19th century .

Photography was invented , but became widely accepted not until the 1920s .

Public Lectures were illustrated through the use of magic lanterns the projected slides and stereopticons , the earliest visual display devices .

•The first visual instruction department which collected and distributed lantern slides to schools was organized in New York in 1904

•This began the audiovisual and media science departments

St.Louis Educational Museum

The first school to open in United States in 1905

Housed collection of art objects , models , photographs , charts , real objects and other instructional materials gathered around the world

Forerunner of the present-day media center

Renamed as Division of Audiovisual education for the St.Louis School in 1943

THOMAS EDISON

Developed the series of historical and scientific films for school use

Films came into the classrooms in 20th centuryTheatrical films were also used as educational toolsThe first educational film catalog was published in 1910 in the United States Films for regular instructional use was adopted by the first public school system of Rochester , New York

Dr. Sidney Pressey

Published his earliest paper on programmed learning about a machine which tested and confirmed a learning task .

The Ohio State University and a Cincinnati radio station launched the Ohio School of the Air in 1929

The first instructional television program was launched by Iowa State University in 1932

They invented the first all-electronic digital computer , ABC , at Iowa State University in 1939

1940The first practical tape recorders were developed

Hierarchy of Learning experiences in 1946

Edgar Dale

The invention of the videotape in the 1950s made it possible to record pictures as well as sounds

Benjamin Bloom

Published the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives , a scheme for categorizing educational objectives in 1956

1950 AND 1960 Systematic studies were undertaken to establish how the attributes or features of various media affected learning. The convergence of instructional media and instructional design began with the conceptualization of audiovisual studies.

In the late 1950’s , the second generation computers , based on transistors were introduced.

A computer aided instruction project was started by Patrick Suppers and his associates in the early 1960’s in Stanford University.

The launched of the third generations computers which used solid -state technology or integrated circuits ( IC ‘s)

•Jerome Bruner, working from a different perspective, devised a descriptive scheme for labeling instructional activities parallel to that Edgar Dale’s in 1966.

Fourth generation of computers which introduced personal computers were developed in the 1970’s

Invention of the microprocessor, a single silicon chip that contains all the functions of the computer specialist.

1970’s and 1980’s

School community recognized the role of media specialist.

1980’S

video cassette recorder and playback television shows. Also compact disc became popular.

By the end of 1980’s, the internet had connected many millions of computers around the world.

In the Philippines the impact of the educational technology was felt decades behind the above mentioned highlights :

Educational television in the Philippines begun at channel 9’s education on TV produced by Fr. James Reuter, SJ.

A college course in physics was telecast over one of the commercial channels

1961

The ETV program of the bureau of the elementary education of the department of education culture and sports was produced and presented jointly with the bureau of the broadcast of the former ministry of public information

Among the ETV series produced were aliwan ng mga bata and tayo’y mag palakas

The university of air program offered by the university of the Mindanao in early 70’s was among the early innovations in the used in the radio for instructions.

A major breakthrough in the development of educational technology was the establishment of the center of educational innovation and technology ( INNOTECH ) to serve as research arm of the southeast asian minsters of education organization (SEANMEO )

The television network, ABS CBN, came out with the sister station, knowledge channel, which aired curriculum based ATV programs like sineskwela, mathinik, and epol or apple

It also came out with an adopt school program which distributed ATV packages to different Elementary and High school in the country