Historical development,

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE

FIELD OF CARDIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

MILESTONES IN CARDIOLOGY

1628 : William Harvey, an English physician, first describes blood circulation.

1706 : Raymond de Vieussens, a French anatomy professor, first describes the structure of the hearts chamber and vessels.

1733 : Stephen Hales, an English clergyman and scientist, first measures blood pressure.

1801 : Francisco Romero ,a Spanish surgeon done the first cardiac surgery known as Open Pericardiostomy 

1816 : Rene T.H. Laennec, a French physician, invents the stethoscope.

1896 : Dr. Ludwig Rehn, a German Surgeon Performed first successful heart surgery on human being without any complications; he stitched a wound on the heart of German soldier.  

1899: Two Swiss Physiologists Introduces the process of defibrillation on dogs heart  

1903 :Willem Einthoven, a Dutch physiologist, develops the electrocardiograph. 

1912 : James B. Herrick, an American physician, first describes heart disease resulting from hardening of the arteries.

  1938 :Robert E. Gross, an American surgeon, performs first open heart

surgery.

  1947:  Defibrillator was first time used on human being during the open heart

surgery by Dr. Claude Beck(Prof. Surgeon at Western Reserve University)

1951 :Charles Hufnagel, an American surgeon, develops a plastic valve to repair an aortic valve.

1952 : F. John Lewis, an American surgeon performs first successful open heart surgery.

1952 : Dr. John F. Lewis, an American Surgeon used hypothermia to temporarily slow down the heart beat making it accessible to lengthen the time of Open Heart Surgery.

1953 :Jhon H. Gibbon, an American surgeon, first uses a mechanical heart and blood purifier.

1954:   Dr. Earl E. Beckon, an American Surgeon d evised first artificial pacemaker for the heart.

1954 : First cross circulation operation was performed by Dr. C. Walton Lillihie(American Surgeon)

1961: J.R.Jude, an American cardiologist, leads a team performing the first external cardiac massage to restart a heart.

1964:  Dr. James D. Hardy of the University of Mississippi,  attempted the first heart transplant from a nonhuman primate – a chimpanzee named Bino -- into a human. The patient was 68-year-old Boyd Rush. After only 90minutes, the heart stopped functioning because it was too small to maintain circulation on its own .

1965 :Micheal DeBakey and Adrian Kantrowitz, American surgeons, implanted mechanical devices to help a diseased heart.

1967:  Dr. Rene Favaloro , an American Surgeon used a vein from the leg to bypass a blocked coronary artery. This procedure, known as coronary artery bypass surgery .

1967 :Christian Barnard , a South African surgeon, performs the whole heart transplant from one person to another.

1974: Andreas Gruentzig  performed the first peripheral human balloon angioplasty. 

1980 : Michel Mirowski , a Polish Cardiologist, the first ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators) --weighing 9 ounces and about the size of a deck of cards – was implanted into a human patient.

1982 : Willem DeVries, an American surgeon, implants a permanent artificial heart, designed by Robert Jarvik, an American physician, into a patient.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CARDIAC NURSING

The 1960s

The first coronary care unit was founded in Scotland, by Dr. Desmond G. Julian . The 1970s

A survey in the journal Circulation in 1978 indicated coronary care units had reduced mortality from heart attack and sudden cardiac arrest by up to 20 percent in the previous decade.

The 1980s

The Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing (SPVN), founded in Boston in 1982 and renamed the Society for Vascular Nursing (SVN) in 1990. The 1990

The Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association (PCNA) was founded in the United States as the Lipid Nurse

The 21st Century

The first Cardiac and Vascular Nurse examinations were administered by the PCNA in May 2001 and courses are certified.

TRENDS AND ISSUES IN CARDIOLOGY

STAGES OF CARDIAC CAREScreeningDiagnostic and staging

Treatment Follow up

THE RECENT TRENDS IN CARDIOLOGY

MINIMALLY INVASIVE HEART SURGERY. ROBOTICALLY ASSISTED HEART SURGERY

Minimally invasive heart surgery. Types of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgeries 

Minimally Invasive Valve Surgery Minimally Invasive CABG Surgery Off-pump/beating heart bypass surgey

ROBOTICALLY ASSISTED HEART SURGERY Types of Robotically Assisted Heart Surgeries  Robotically Assisted Valve Surgery. Robotically Assisted Bypass Surgery. Robotically Assisted ASD . Robotically Assisted Removal of Cardiac Tumors.

BENEFITS OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL TECHNIQUES Small incisions. Small scars. Shorter hospital stay after surgery. Low risk of infection. Low risk of bleeding and blood transfusion . Shorter recovery time and faster return to normal activities/work. Division of the sternum is not needed for robotically assisted heart

surgery.

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