Historical background of ICT

Information and

Communications

Technology ( ICT )

HISTORICAL

BACKGROUNDA. Periods of ICT Development

B. Brief History of Computer

C. Early Developments in Electronic Data

Processing

D. Computer Generations

ICT?

• Information technology (IT) is the term used to

describe the items of equipment (hardware) and

computer programs (software) that allow us to

access, retrieve, store, organise, manipulate, and

present information by electronic means

• Communication technology (CT) is the term used

to describe telecommunications equipment through

which information can be sought and accessed, for

example, phones, faxes, modems, and computers’

http://education.massey.ac.nz/lt/NETerm.asp

Information and Communications

Technology - ICT

Collectively refers to the technologies,

both hardware and software, that enable

humans to communicate with one another.

Evolution of ICT

The beginning of ICT can be traced back

when humans started to use objects to

communicate with one another.

There are four main periods in history that

divide the era of ICT, namely:

1. Premechanical;

2. Mechanical;

3. Electromechanical; and

4. Electronic periods.

THE PREMECHANICAL

PERIOD

Periods of ICT Development

• During this time, humans started

communicating with one another using words

and pictograms curved in rocks.

Sumerian Pictogram-

dating back 3100 BCE

that shows the earliest

form of communication

among humans.

The Premechanical Period

• It happened around 1450 BCE to 1450

CE.

• Humans started communicating with one

another using words and pictograms

curved in rocks.

• Paper from papyrus plant was invented;

storing of information was revolutionized.

• Paper were compiled and bound together,

eventually giving birth to books.

…

• They needed to be compiled and stored in

areas; hence libraries were created.

• “Libraries” were considered as the first

data centers in history.

• Humans started using numerical system

during the late stage of this period.

• The most popular device created in this

period is said to have come from China-

the abacus. The first device to process

information.

THE MECHANICAL

PERIOD

Periods of ICT Development

The Mechanical Period

• Served as the bridge between our current

period and the premechanical period.

• It started around 1450-1840.

• The interest in automating and speeding

up numerical calculations grew during this

period.

• The machines driven by mechanical

means such as steam and gears

dominated information processing and

calculation.

…

• The mechanical calculator, “Pascaline”

was the highlight of this period. It was

invented by the famous mathematician

inventor Blaise Pascal along with Wilhelm

Schickard.

• Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine,

which is considered as the first

programmable mechanical computer, was

also invented during this period.

• Charles Babbage- “Father of Computers”

THE

ELECTROMECHANICAL

PERIOD

Periods of ICT Development

The Electromechanical Period

• It started around 1840-1940.

• The use of electricity for information

handling and transfer bloomed.

• This period saw the use of telegraph to

transmit information over long distances.

• The telephone was later invented,

enabling voice transmission over long

distances.

• Humans started to control electricity using

vacuum tubes in devices that eventually

led to the development of today’s

electronic gadgets.

…

• Telegraph- considered as the first

electrical communications device.

• First invented by in 1837 by William Cooke

and Sir Charles Wheatstone, the first

working model used five magnetic needles

that could be pointed around set of letters

and numbers by using electric current.

• Samuel Morse, an American inventor,

introduced the first single-circuit telegraph

in 1844, which give rise to the Morse code.

…

• In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was

granted patent for the telephone.

THE ELECTRONIC

PERIOD

Periods of ICT Development

The Electronic Period

• It started in the 1940’s up to present.

• The highlight of this period is focused on

the advent of solid state devices/electronic

devices.

• There are four main event found in this

period, these are:

1. The late vacuum tubes period;

2. the transistors period;

3. the integrated circuits period; and

4. The computer processors period.

…

• Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer (ENIAC)- the first electronic

general purpose computer. It is around 167 square meters

Its processing speed was slower than those

machines used today.

…• The transistor was invented in 1947. It is

an electronic device with properties and

functions similar to vacuum tubes, but it is

lightweight and faster. It is the foundation

of every electronic device today.

• The first full transistor computer was

developed in 1957 and was faster than

vacuum computers.

• Jack Kilby was credited for introducing the

integrated circuit in 1958. It is a device that

is composed of transistors and circuit

elements compressed in a single package.

…• ICs are used in processing devices, and

processors are constructed in IC forms .

Personal Computers then used these

processors to deliver user applications.

• Computers are evolving from basic textual

interfaces to Graphical User Interfaces or

GUI.

• The result of developed methods of

connectivity for sharing processed

information stored in computers and

processing devices is the internet or the

World Wide Web.

…• ICs are used in processing devices, and

processors are constructed in IC forms .

Personal Computers then used these

processors to deliver user applications.

• Computers are evolving from basic textual

interfaces to Graphical User Interfaces or

GUI.

• The result of developed methods of

connectivity for sharing processed

information stored in computers and

processing devices is the internet or the

World Wide Web.

THE EARLIEST

COMPUTING DEVICES

Brief History of Computer

The earliest data processing

equipment were all manual -

mechanical devices due to the

absence of electricity and

adequate industrial technology.

ABACUS ( 300 B.C. by the Babylonians )

• The abacus was an early aid for

mathematical computations. Its only

value is that it aids the memory of

the human performing the

calculation.

A very old Abacus

ABACUSA more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is

really just a representation of the human fingers: the 5

lower rings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the

2 upper rings represent the 2 hands.

John Napier ( 1550 – 1617 )

John Napier is best known as the

inventor of logarithms. He also

invented the so-called "Napier's

bones" and made common the use

of the decimal point in arithmetic and

mathematics.

Napier's birthplace, Merchiston

Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland, is

now part of the facilities

of Edinburgh Napier University. After

his death from the effects of gout,

Napier's remains were buried in St

Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh.

NAPIER'S BONES

In 1617 an eccentric Scotsman named

John Napier invented logarithms, which

are a technology that allows multiplication

to be performed via addition. The magic

ingredient is the logarithm of each

operand, which was originally obtained

from a printed table. But Napier also

invented an alternative to tables, where

the logarithm values were carved on ivory

sticks.

An original set of Napier's Bones

[photo courtesy IBM]

A more modern set of Napier's Bones

William

Oughtred ’s

Slide RuleWilliam Oughtred and

others developed the

slide rule in the 17th

century based on the

emerging work on

logarithms by John

Napier.

Slide Rule

Blaise PascalIn 1642 Blaise Pascal, at

the age of 19, he invented

the Pascaline as an aid for

his father who was a tax

collector. Pascal built 50 of

this gear-driven one-

function calculator (it could

only add) but couldn't sell

many because of their

exorbitant cost and

because they really weren't

that accurate (at that time it

was not possible to

fabricate gears with the

required precision).

Pascaline or Pascal Calculator

• It can be called “Arithmatique Machine”

• The first calculator or adding machine to be

produced in any quantity and actually used.

• It was designed and built by the French

mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between

1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and

subtraction, with numbers being entered by

manipulating its dials.

A 6 digit model for those who couldn't

afford the 8 digit model

A Pascaline opened up so you can

observe the gears and cylinders which

rotated to display the numerical result

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716)

A German mathematician

and philosopher. He

occupies a prominent

place in the history of

mathematics and the

history of philosophy.

Stepped Reckoner

• The Step Reckoner (or Stepped Reckoner)

was a digital mechanical

calculator invented by German

mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm

Leibniz around 1672 and completed in

1694.

Stepped Reckoner

Joseph Marie

Jacquard (7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834)

A French weaver and

merchant. He played an

important role in the

development of the earliest

programmable loom (the

"Jacquard loom"), which in

turn played an important

role in the development of

other programmable

machines, such as

computers.

The Jacquard Loom

• A mechanical loom, invented by Joseph

Marie Jacquard, first demonstrated in

1801, that simplifies the process of

manufacturing textiles with complex

patterns such as brocade, damask and

matelasse. The loom was controlled by a

"chain of cards", a number of punched

cards, laced together into a continuous

sequence.

Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and

the punched cards

By selecting particular cards for Jacquard's loom

you defined the woven pattern

A close-up of a Jacquard card

This tapestry was woven by a

Jacquard loom

Charles Babbage(26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)

By 1822 the English

mathematician Charles

Babbage was proposing a

steam driven calculating

machine the size of a room,

which he called the Difference

Engine. This machine would be

able to compute tables of

numbers, such as logarithm

tables.

Babbage’s

Differential

Engine

Designed to automate a

standard procedure for

calculating roots of

polynomials

A small section of the type of mechanism

employed in Babbage's Difference Engine

The Analytical Engine

• It was a proposed

mechanical general-purpose

computer designed by English

mathematician Charles Babbage.

Babbage’s Analytical Engine

• 2 main parts: the “Store”

where numbers are held

and the “Mill” where they

were woven into new

results

Ada LovelaceAugusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace

(10 December 1815 – 27 November

1852)

•English mathematician and writer

chiefly known for her work on Charles

Babbage's early mechanical general

purpose computer, the Analytical

Engine.

•Her notes on the engine include what

is recognised as the first Algorithm

intended to be processed by a machine.

Because of this, she is often described

as the world's first computer

programmer.

•Referred to as the “First Programmer”

Herman Hollerith(February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929)

An American statistician and

inventor who developed a

mechanical tabulator based on

punched cards to rapidly tabulate

statistics from millions of pieces

of data. He was the founder of

the Tabulating Machine

Company that later merged to

become IBM. Hollerith is widely

regarded as the father of modern

automatic computation.

Hollerith machine

Hollerith machine

• The first automatic data processing system. It was

used to count the 1890 U.S. census. Developed by

Herman Hollerith, a statistician who had worked for the

Census Bureau, the system used a hand punch to

record the data as holes in dollar-bill-sized punch

cards and a tabulating machine to count them. The

tabulating machine contained a spring-loaded pin for

each potential hole in the card. When a card was

placed in the reader and the handle was pushed down,

the pins that passed through the holes closed electrical

circuits causing counters to be incremented and a lid in

the sorting box to open.

More Detail

Each card was placed into

this reader. When the

handle was pushed down,

the data registered on the

analog dials.

Hollerith's Keypunch Machine

All 62 million

Americans were

counted by punching

holes into a card

from the census

forms.

What a Concept

in 1891

Imagine. Using electricity to

count. The date on this

issue of "Electrical

Engineer" was November

11, 1891. The page at the

top is a census form filled

out by a census taker.

High Tech, 1890

Style

The beginning of data

processing made the

August 30, 1890 cover of

Scientific American. The

binary concept. A hole or

no hole! (Image courtesy

of Scientific American

Magazine.)

EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

IN ELECTRONIC DATA

PROCESSING

Mark I

developed by

Howard Aiken at

Harvard

University

Mark I

•Official name

was Automatic

Sequence

Controlled

Calculator.

•Could perform

the 4 basic

arithmetic

operations.

ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

• developed by

John Presper

Eckert Jr. and

John Mauchly

• 1st large-scale

vacuum-tube

computer

EDVACElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

• Developed by John

Von Neumann

• a modified version of

the ENIAC

• employed binary

arithmetic

• has stored program

capability

EDSACElectronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

•built by Maurice

Wilkes during the

year 1949

• one of the first

stored-program

machine computers

and one of the first

to use binary digits

UNIVACUniversal Automatic Computer

Developed by George

Gray in Remington Rand

Corp.

Manufactured as the first

commercially available

first generation

computer.

IBMInternational Business Machines

By 1960, IBM was

the dominant force

in the market of

large mainframe

computers

IBM 650

•built in the year 1953 by

IBM and marked the

dominance of IBM in the

computer industry.

IBM 701

IBM’s 1st

commercial

business

computer

GENERATIONS OF

COMPUTER

FIRST GENERATION(1946-1959)

• Vacuum tube based

• The use vacuum tubes in place of

relays as a means of storing data

in memory and the use of

stored‐program concept.

• It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per

day to keep the vacuum tubes

running

Per Day : 3.5 KW

Per Week : 24.5 KW

Per Month : 122.5 KW

Per Year : 1,470 KW

NAKAKALOKA!!

Generation in computer terminology

is a change in technology a computer

is/was being used.

Initially, the generation term was used

to distinguish between varying hardware

technologies. But nowadays, generation

includes both hardware and software,

which together make up an entire

computer system.

WHO INVENT THE VACUUM

TUBES?

• First invented by a British scientist named

John A. Fleming in 1919, although Edison

had made some dsicoveries while working

on the lightbulb. The vacuum tube was

improved by Lee DeForest.

Vacuum Tubes

The main features of First Generation

are:• Vacuum tube technology

• Unreliable

• Supported Machine language only

• Very costly

• Generate lot of heat

• Slow Input/Output device

• Huge size

• Need of A.C.

• Non-portable

• Consumed lot of electricity

Some computers of this

generation were:

• ENIAC

• EDVAC

• UNIVAC

• IBM-701

SECOND GENERATION(1959-1965)

• This generation using the

transistor were cheaper,

consumed less power, more

compact in size, more reliable and

faster than the first generation

machines made of vacuum tubes.

• In this generation, magnetic cores

were used as primary memory

and magnetic tape and magnetic

disks as secondary storage

devices.

WHO INVENTED THE

TRANSISTORS?

• The first transistor was invented at Bell

Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by

William Shockley (seated at Brattain's

laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and

Walter Brattain (right).

The main features of Second

Generation are:• Use of transistors

• Reliable as compared to First generation

computers

• Smaller size as compared to First generation

computers

• Generate less heat as compared to First

generation computers

• Consumed less electricity as compared to First

generation computers

• Faster than first generation computers

• Still very costly

• A.C. needed

• Support machine and assembly languages

Some computers of this

generation were:• IBM 1620

• IBM 7094

• CDC 1604

• CDC 3600

• UNIVAC 1108

THIRD GENERATION (1965-1971)

• Integrated Circuits (IC's) in

place of transistors

• A single IC has many

transistors, resistors and

capacitors along with the

associated circuitry.

• Integrated solid‐state circuitry,

improved secondary storage

devices and new input/output

devices were the most

important advances in this

generation.

The main features of Third Generation

are:

• IC used

• More reliable

• Smaller size

• Generate less heat

• Faster

• Lesser maintenance

• Still costly

• A.C. needed

• Consumed lesser electricity

• Support high-level language

WHO INVENT THE IC?

• The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a

single device was born, when the German physicist

and engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and

patented the first known integrated transistor

amplifier in 1949 and the British radio

engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a

variety of standard electronic components in a

monolithic semiconductor crystal in 1952. A year

later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a

prototype integrated circuit (IC).

Some computers of this

generation were:

• IBM-360 series

• Honeywell-6000 series

• PDP (Personal Data

Processor)

• IBM-370/168

• TDC-316

FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980)

• Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)

• VLSI circuits having about 5000

transistors and other circuit elements

and their associated circuits on a single

chip made it possible to have

microcomputers of fourth generation.

• Fourth Generation computers

became more powerful, compact,

reliable, and affordable. As a result,

it gave rise to personal computer

(PC) revolution.

• In this generation, Remote

processing, Time-sharing, Real-

time, Multi-programming Operating

System were used.

• All the higher level languages like

C and C++, DBASE, etc., were

used in this generation.

The main features of Fourth

Generation are:

• VLSI technology used

• Very cheap

• Portable and reliable

• Use of PC's

• Very small size

• Pipeline processing

• No A.C. needed

• Concept of internet was introduced

• Great developments in the fields of

networks

• Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation

were:

• DEC 10

• STAR 1000

• PDP 11

• CRAY-1 (Super Computer)

• CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

FIFTH GENERATIONPresent and Beyond: Artificial

Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence is the

branch of computer science

concerned with making

computers behave like

humans. The term was

coined in 1956 by John

McCarthy at the

Massachusetts Institute of

Technology.

Artificial intelligence includes:

• Games Playing

– programming computers to play games

such as chess and checkers.

• Expert Systems

– programming computers to make

decisions in real-life situations (for

example, some expert systems

help doctors diagnose diseases

based on symptoms)

• Natural Language

– programming computers to

understand natural human

languages

• Neural Networks

– Systems that simulate intelligence

by attempting to reproduce the

types of physical connections that

occur in animal brains

• Robotics

– programming computers to see

and hear and react to other

sensory stimuli