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A review lesson on participles, infinitives, and gerunds.
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Verbals
Grammar Lesson 10English 10
Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??
• Telling the difference between a verb and a verbal is not done by looking only at the word itself.
• You have to see how the word is being used.
• In both cases, the word looks like a verb, but if it’s used as something other than a verb…it’s a VERBAL
Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??
• Examples:– Waxed– Flowing– Playing– Sleeping
• These can be verbs or verbals depending upon how they are used in the sentence.
Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??
• Examples:– Our butler waxed the floors.– The waxed floors were
slippery and dangerous.
• In the first sentence, the word is being used as a verb to tell what action is being done.
• In the other one, the word still looks like a verb, but it is being used as an adjective
Is it a VERB or a VERBAL??
• Examples:– Water was flowing over the
rocks in the stream.– Flowing water carries a great
deal of potential energy.
• The same thing is true here as in the other example.
• The second sentences shows the verb working as an adjective instead of a verb.
Basic Information on Verbals
• Verbals are verb forms (words that look like verbs or could be verbs in other sentences) that are used as one of the following:– Noun– Adjective– Adverb
• A verbal can never be the verb of the sentence.
Basic Information on Verbals
• There are three different kinds of verbals:– Infinitive– Participle– Gerund
• Each verbal has a specific purpose and use in a sentence.
Infinitives
• An infinitive is a verb form that is proceeded by the word “to.”– To play– To sleep– To be seen– To steal– To have been stolen– To speak
Infinitives
• In some sentences (following certain verbs), the “sign of the infinitive” (the word “to) is omitted.
• This is done for clarity.– Help him (to) move the sofa.– Watch the fish (to) snap at
the hook.– Can you feel the floor (to)
move?
Infinitives
• The verbs which call for an omitted “to” are:– See– Hear– Feel– Help– Let– Make– Watch
Infinitives
• An infinitive has three possible functions:– As a noun– As an adjective– As an adverb
• Knowing where an infinitive should go helps make the structure of the sentence more clear.
Infinitives
• As a noun:– I hate to go. (direct object)– To steal is a crime. (subject)
• As an adjective:– It’s time to go. (modify
time)– There are jobs to be done
(modify jobs)
• As an adverb:– He always plays to win.
(modify plays)
Infinitives
• Infinitives can also have modifiers or complements.
• This can be done because there is a verb form in the infinitive that (if being used as a verb in another sentence) could take a complement such as an indirect or direct object or a predicate complement.
Infinitives
• Be careful not to create “split” infinitives.
• This is done when an adverb is placed between the “to” and the verb form.– To boldly go….– To strenuously object…– To always comply…
• It is bad structure for this to be formed.
Participles
• Verb forms that are used as adjectives are called participles.
• They will have two forms:– Present (ending in “-ing”)– Past (ending in “-ed” or “-
en”)
• These contain action, but they are not used as verbs in the sentence.
Participles
• Examples:– Smoking gun– Snoring spouse– Broken window– Elected official– Streaming video– Buzzing noise– Winning touchdown– Walking track
Participles
• Participles can appear in several places in the sentence, but they are most commonly found describing / modifying the subject.
• Participle phrases can also be made from single participles– Running along the path
Participles
• Most participle phrases will have commas setting them off. This is especially true when they open a sentence and modify the subject.– Running at full speed,
the back raced twenty yards for a score.
– Crying loudly, the baby wanted some attention.
Gerunds
• A gerund looks a lot like a participle because it ends in “-ing.”
• However, the gerund is going to be used as a noun.
• Gerunds will show up as subjects, direct or indirect objects or objects of prepositions.
Gerunds
• Examples:– Chewing gum in class is
not allowed. (subject)– I liked eating at the new
restaurant. (direct object)– Without running very
hard I won the race.– Abusing the warm fuzzy
kitten is not allowed in this class. (subject)
Practice:
• You will be shown ten sentences with a word or phrase underlined.
• Identify the word or phrases as:– Infinitive– Participle– Gerund
Practice:
1. Sleeping soundly in his bed, Ron was not going to be disturbed by anyone in his house.
2. I wanted to try out for the lacrosse team this spring.
3. The rushing waters of the Colorado River were great for rafting.
Practice:
4. The warm fuzzy kitten, meowing loudly in the hallway, was a nuisance.
5. We tried shooting with the NBA’s new basketball and found it to be challenging.
6. To run a mile in less than four minutes is nearly impossible.
Practice:
7. Charging wildly down the street, the bulls tried to crush the citizens of Pamplona.
8. Cheating on a final exam in English is not an advisable solution to not studying.
9. To sleep, perchance to dream.
Practice:
10. On the sixth day of Xmas, my true love gave to me six geese a-laying, five gold rings, four calling birds, three French hens, two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree.
SURPRISE, SURPRISE, SURPRISE!!• Now that you can identify
these verbals, you have the great privilege of going on to the next great step in verbals……..
DIAGRAMMING!!
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