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Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Tetrapoda Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Lauren Clancy ● Jenny Lee ● Allison Torlincasi ● Shèquanna CooperFinding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved.
http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/01/14/ifs-clade/
http://www.dhingana.com/
news/facts-about-dolphins-interesting-
amazing-informati/22154
All chordates have, at some time during their life, these five characteristics:
Inside: Endostyle
http://thecircleofblood.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/1/11517136/1885966_orig.gif
At one point in the lifetime of chordates, the walls of the pharynx were pierced with a longitudinal series of openings; the pharyngeal slits• The pharyngeal slits created an opening that allowed water to enter
the pharynx• They play no part in respiration (used to filter food particles)
• However, they have become modified in aquatic chordates and are supported by gill arches, which contain filaments for gas exchange
• In terrestrial chordates, pharyngeal slits are only seen in embryonic development
http://gillslits.blogspot.com/Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved.
Chordates in the SeaMode of respiration: gill slits
The evolution of chordates began in the water
www.stfrancesvbs.com/resources_borders.html
Chondrichthyes
• The gills are located behind the head; viewed as a collection of slit-like openings
How does water get to the gills for respiration?
Ram-jet ventilation Neck Musculature• Many shark species swim with their mouths
open, allowing water to pass over the gills for respiration
• Others, have strong neck muscles which act as a pumping mechanism to pull water over the gills
• Pumping is based on a dual pump mechanism which creates a suction with negative and positive pressures to draw in water
External view
Internal view
• The gills have a rich supply of blood, where tiny blood vessels extract oxygen from the water as it passes over the gills
• Gill filaments increase the surface area for respiration
• The blood vessels are located inside the filaments
• As oxygen is taken in, carbon dioxide, a gaseous waste project, is expelled out of the bloodstream
http://science.howstuffworks.com/
zoology/marine-life/great-white.htm
http://www.arkive.org/whitetip-reef-shark/triaenodon-obesus/image-G17580.html
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=chon025b&File_type=cdr
http://backofbeyondthent.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html
http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/coral%20reef.gif
Chondrichthyes
New adaptation: the spiracle• A modified hole located behind the eye• While the mouth is closed, water is able to pass through the opening
• Creates an alternate pathway for water to enter the mouth• Once water enters the mouth, it can then pass over gill lamellae and out
the gill slits• The spiracle also provides oxygenated blood directly
to the eye and brain
A new evolutionary change allowed chondrichthyes to have a continuous flow of water into the mouth
http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/spiracle.htm
dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shark-anatomy.html
www.jawshark.com/great_white_shark_animated_gifs.html
http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/coral%20reef.gif
Actinopterygii
• The posterior rim is flexible and ribbed• This prevents the back flow of water
Mouth Mouth Cavity Gills Gill Cavity Gill Slits
Mouth is open Expands Expands Operculum closes
Mouth closes Contracts Expands
Mouth remains closed
Contracts Contracts Operculum opens
Water travels through the mouth of the fish, passes along the pharynx, and out the gills
http://students.cis.uab.edu/chase29/osteichthyes.html
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/kids/wild_things/fish/howdofishbreathe.phtml
Actinopterygii
• The gills are supported by gill arches; a series of loops
• Inside the arches, gill filaments contain blood vessels
• Gas exchange occurs at the tips of the gill filaments
• Water travels through the gaps in-between the filaments, moving out towards the operculum opening
• In each gill filament, blood capillaries absorb oxygen while extracting carbon dioxide
• Blood travels in the opposite direction of water flow
• Helps increase efficiency• Countercurrent flow insures a steady
oxygen absorption
http://www.oskole.sk/userfiles/image/Zofia/febru%C3%A1r%20-%202012/Biol%C3%B3gia/Dychanie_zivocichov_jan_html_5c3115b0.png
http://manmonster.centerblog.net/voir-photo?u=http://manmonster.m.a.pic.centerblog.net/o/e2820340.jpg
www.angelfire.com/home/lake/page5gif.html
New adaptation: the swim bladder• Buoyancy organ located in the body cavity• Developed from an out pocketing of the pharynx
or esophagus• Contains gas (usually oxygen) which allows the
fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking
Actinopterygii
Another revolutionary change occurred in the Actinopteryggi
Animals slowly transitioned from sea to land…
Chordates in the sea and landMode of respiration: gill slits and/or lungs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg
http://www.dragoart.com/tuts/5723/1/1/how-to-draw-the-ocean.htm
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/botzo/zclass8.htm
• To get food and supplies• Avoid aquatic predators
Evolution and fossil records show that animals moved out of the water and onto land
A chordate example of this type of intermediate is…
http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2723&q=325818http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/mudpuppy/
The mudpuppy has 3 different modes of respiration
Tetrapoda
• Skin → mudpuppies must have moist skin to absorb oxygen
• Gills → are mostly used• The gills in the
mudpuppy are similar to fish gills but differ in that they are external and lack the hard covering known as the operculum
• Lungs → despite having lungs, they are thin and poorly vascularized and are used as last resort
http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anatomy/4.NecturusDissection.html
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/showimage.cfm?
File_name=AMPH022B&File_type=GIF
• The lungs of a turtle are their predominant source of respiration– All turtles have lungs and must take in oxygen
• An adaptation is that turtles have the ability to intake oxygen through their cloaca when they have limited respiration during hibernation in the winter
Reptilia
Marine Turtles Terrestrial Turtles
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/reptiles/turtle-shell.htm
http://naturescrusaders.files.wordpress.com/
2009/02/gex_green-sea-turtle.jpghttp://www.rbnc.org/images/herps_page/Wood-Turtle.jpg
http://ecowatch.org/2011/groups-move-to-stop-sea-turtle-deaths-from-shrimp-trawling/
http://petcaregt.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/pet-
gopher-tortoise.jpg
Reptilia
http://pspbilly.com/nancy/020%2520Internal%2520anatomy%2520of%2520a%2520turtle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pspbilly.com/nancy/
&h=2281&w=3000&sz=476&tbnid=UBBWTqjsHhaxpM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=114&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo
%3Du&zoom=1&q=&usg=__FXapW599cqyvE_N4l9aczCvbOQE=&docid=CpyCFuobs3zQ7M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qEDCUKvOJau20AGfsIDwDA&ved=0CEEQ9QEwBA&dur=483http://animationsa2z.com/turtles.php
http://www.rgbstock.com/bigphoto/meRjh9i/Giant+turtle
Respiratory system of the Turtle Reptilia
Animals began to solely live on land
Chordates on landMode of respiration: lungs
http://sweetclipart.com/multisite/sweetclipart/files/turtle_green.png
http://www.leadershipwithsass.com/2012/04/dont-be-a-honey-badger/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/59571344@N03/5485476419/
https://sites.google.com/a/cottonwood-essentials.com/
www/
Mammalia Aves
Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
http://itiswhatitispeople.blogspot.
com/2012/04/what-can-you-learn-from-
blended.html
http://epicmuffinlove.deviantart.com/
art/Look-who-I-found-306187756
Mammalia Aves
Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systemshttp://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/Why+do+humans+need+to+breathe%3F+Part+2
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/respiration/deck/938492 http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/content/30/1/6/F1.large.jpg
Mammalia
Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory SystemsLiem, K. and Walker, W. Functional anatomy of the vertebrates.
• The avian lungs are a unique respiratory system
• Birds have a very high metabolic rate
• The unidirectional pathway allows for birds to meet all energy requirements
• Oxygen is absorbed continuously while in flight
Aves
http://www.thefeaturedcreature.com/
2012/07/mr-fluffy-feathers-very-cute-bird.html
http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif
heathersanimations.com/flying1.html
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/ritchiso/birdrespiration.html
Aves
http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes8.ht
ml
http://www.birdsofeden.co
.za/index.php?comp=article&category=18&limit=5&limi
tstart=170
Aves
http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c7.html
http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/1d4c20/#2http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec09/
FemaleSexShowoff.html
Inhalation• Fresh air flows down the trachea bypasses the lungs • It enters the posterior air sacs. While simultaneously the anterior
sacs fill with stale air from the lungsExhalation
• Fresh air moves out of the posterior air sacs into the lungs and through the parabronchi
• The stale air from anterior air sacs exits the body via the trachea
It take two cycles of inhalation and exhalation for the air to pass through and out of the system of the bird
Aves
http://srqjet.blogspot.com/2010/09/puffy-pigeon.html
http://quizlet.com/2213010/ch-42-circulation-gas-exchange-ap-bio-flash-cards/
Mammalia
• Air enters through the nose or mouth
• Travels down the pharynx, past the epiglottis, into the larynx
• It moves down the trachea, which branches into two bronchi that lead to each lung
• The bronchi branch in to bronchioles
• The bronchioles lead into the alveolar ducts that end alveoli sacs
CO2 CO2
CO2
O2 O2
O2
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=BCE&name=72217.jpg
http://www.photolyrics.ru/vyaz.html
Mammalia
• The alveoli are the sites at which gas exchanges occurs
• The thin walled capillaries allow for the exchange of gases
High Low concentration
• The alveoli diffuses oxygen into the blood through the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in to the alveoli
http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c8.html
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/training/public-health-assessment-overview/html/
module3/s5.html
Mammalia
• During in inhalation the rib cage muscles and diaphragm contract to increase the lung volume
• Pressure drops and air flows into the lungs
High Low concentration
• The relaxation of these muscles causes an increase in air pressure that forces the air out of lungs through the nose and mouth
http://www.yogacharm.net/yogalx/2011/0615/article_1874_2.html
http://jpkc.scezju.com/slx/showindex/281/102
Chordates back in the SeaMode of respiration: lungs
Although lungs developed in chordates, mammalia animals continued to live in water
Dolphins
Whales
http://www.delfinpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/delfind.gif
http://jessperna.com/images/coloring_book_illustrations/humpback_whale_coloring_page_large.gif
• cetaceans evolved from the modern hippo– Whales– Dolphins– Porpoises
• Obligated Marine Mammals – Cannot survive on land– Find more food in the sea than land– Freed from legs
• Over the course of evolution…– Bodies became more tapered and
streamlined– Their tail replaced by a pair of horizontal,
propeller like flukes– Front limbs fused together– Loss of hind limbs
Evolution from land to water Mammilla
http://dir.coolclips.com/Nature/Animals/
Mammals/Hippopotamus/
hippopotamus_wb028826.html
http://potolki27.ru/images/view/63
http://gerberbabycontest.net/at-pic-cute-dolphin-giving-birth/4.bp.blogspot.com*_k-uzaP4Gx6M*SMEImnoG0KI*AAAAAAAACN8*l2huZMKvNGc*s400*dolphin5.jpg/
http://missmazurek15.pbworks.com/w/page/36537156/Chris
Adaptations of the Respiratory System
Mammilla
http://www.traveloutreach.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Bottlenose_Dolphin1.jpg
http://www.veezzle.com/photo/1103598/Humpback-Whale-......Blow-holes
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/cartoon-
smiling-whale-spouting-water-from-royalty-free-illustration/
75488996
• Breathing begins with blowhole or blowholes
• Breathing at the surface of the water
• Small region of the head is required to break the surface of the water to breathe in air
• Contains the nasal plug
Mammilla
http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=84#.UMI4oaxR2So
http://www.wallpapershdi.com/wallpaper/996/dolphin-wallpaper-1440x900-widescreen.html
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/cartoon-
smiling-whale-spouting-water-from-royalty-free-illustration/
75488996
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
• Dolphins can empty and refill its blowhole in less than a fifth of a second
• The dolphin forcefully "chuffs" or exhales when first surfacing for air to clear the recessed blowhole area of water
• Immediately followed by inhalation of fresh air, the blowhole closes again
• Water in a dolphin’s blowhole will drown the dolphin
Mammilla
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
http://cartoon-icio.ru/image.php?id=87009
http://www.appuntidigitali.it/3677/il-sonar-militare-rende-sordi-i-delfini/
http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm
• At the surface of the water, whales open their blowhole or blowholes– Exhale air explosively through their blowhole
• Exhaled air from the blowhole is called the blow– Forms a gusher or a bushy stream of misty air and
vapor
• Immediately followed by inhalation of fresh air, and the blowhole or blowholes close again
• Water in a whale’s blowhole will drown the whale
Mammilla
in Whales
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
http://www.i-creative.cz/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/velryby1.jpg
http://www.elhogarnatural.com/cetaceos/Caperea%20marginata.htm
http://www.estanbul.com/mavi-balina-70272.html
Mammilla
http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html
Mammilla
http://www.russianorca.com/Orcas/sounds_eng.htm
• Contain a lot more alveoli than humans lungs
• Lungs are made up of two layers of capillaries
• The pulmonary tissue proper contains a generous supply of myoelastic fibers – Better elasticity– The pleurae are thick and elastic
• The bronchial tubes are lined with muscular tissue
• The alveoli is cut off from the rest of the lung
Mammilla
http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
http://33m.lista.cl/posts/imagenes/14983719/Ballenas-_Belleza-Animal_.html
Pbs.org
Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii TetrapodaCommon Name “Cartilagenous Fishes” “Ray Finned Fish” “Four-Footed"
Representatives sharks, skates, rays tuna, cod, clownfish
frog, mudpuppy
Respiratory System gills gills covered byoperculum
gills and/or lungs
Reptilia Aves MammaliaCommon Name Reptile Bird MammalRepresentatives turtles & tortoises
lizards & snakescrocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs
crow, pigeon, robin, sparrow,ostrich
human, cow, pig, mouse, rat,seal, dolphin, whale, bat, sloth,elephant, rhinoceros, monkey
Respiratory System no gills, well dev. lungs, ribcage
lungs, air sacs ~ 1 way flow of oxygen
lungs
References 1. Brylske, A. Humans and whales [Internet]. Parkville, MO: Florida Institute of Technology;
2006; 2012 Nov 26. Available from http://www.dtmag.com/Stories/Dive%20Physiology/01-04-Feature.htm. 2. Chordates [Internet]. Monroe County, NY: Monroe County Women's Disability Network;
2000; 2012 Dec 3. Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.3. Chondrichthyes: sharks, skates, and rays [Internet]. Montgomery County, MD: Montgomery
College; 2005; 2012 Nov 23; Available from: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/biotp/Chondrichthyes.html.4. Corey, T. Whales [Internet]. Narragansett, RI: University of Rhode Island; 2009; 2012 Nov
20. Available from http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/whales01.html.5. Jonna, R. Actinopterygii [Internet]. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of
Zoology; 2004; 2012 Nov 23; Available from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Actinopterygii/.6. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies. 413 p. 7. Kardong K. 2012.Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies.417 p.8. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies. 426-20 p.9. Mudppy [Internet]. Chicago, IL: The World Association; 2001; 2012 Nov 30. Available from
http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/mudpuppy.10. Onno, G.T. Dolphins- the oracles of the sea [Internet]. Redwood Shores, CA: Oracle
education Foundation; 1998; 2012 Nov 20. Available from http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html.11. Respiratory system [Internet]. Davidson, NC: Davidson College; 2012; 2012 Dec 1.
Available from http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/2000/Pleasants/resp.htm.12. Respiratory System [Internet]. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc; 2012; 2012 Dec. 1. Available
from http://gme.grolier.com.molloy.idm.oclc.org/article?assetid=0245710-0.13. Speer, B, Waggoner B. Introduction to the Chordata [Internet]. New York, NY: Berkley
College; 2000; 2012 Dec 3; Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.14. Venes, D. 2009. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis
Company.15. Weisler, G.P. All about sea turtles [Internet]. Winnipeg, CA: University of Manitoba; 2005;
2012 Dec 1. Available from: http://www.orf.org/turtles.htm.
Silhouette References
http://www.clker.com/clipart-140176.html
http://www.etsy.com/listing/74157023/whale-constellation-nautical-silhouette
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