General Introduction to Health research (Basic)

ORIENTATION ON RESEARCH (ESPECIALLY FOR EIHS STAFFS)

Presented by

SAgun PAudel

HA, EIHS

NAULO GHUMTI NEPAL

Meaning of Research

• The word research was originated from ‘recherche’ which means to travel through or survey.

• RE+SEARCH= Search after search and search• Careful search or inquiry into any subject matter.• To investigate thoroughly

• Research is the process of finding solution to a problem after a through study and analysis of the situational factors.

• Research as a movement, a movement from unknown to known.

• Systematic effort to gain of knowledge.

Research is systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem.

Research need to conducted in a systematic fashionLogicalOrderly process.

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

• Generation new knowledge• Improve understanding• Application testing• Comparing best practices• Helping with decision

making

Exploration Description Explanation Generalization/prediction Theory building

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

• Demands a clear statement of the problem• Requires a scientific plan• purposiveness• Relevance, testability, effectiveness.• Ethnical• Collection and interpretation of data.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

• To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to gain new insights into it.

• To describe the characteristics of a particular cause, situation or environment.

• To determine the relationship between two or more variables.• To test hypothesis.• To solve the problems.• It provides answers for questions like what, where, when, how

and why.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

On the basis of

Application of research study• Basic research• Applied research

Objectives in understanding the research• Observational research• Experimental research

Method of study• Quantitative research• Qualitative research

RESEARCH PROCESS

Research is a team work

RESEARCH PROCESS

• Identification of the research problem• Review of literature• Formulation of the objectives of the study• Protocol preparation• Conducting the study• Analysis of the data• Preparation of report

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A RESEARCH PROJECT

InterestRelevanceAvoidance of duplicationFeasibilityPolitical acceptabilityApplicabilityCost-effectivenessEthical considerations

FORMULATING STUDY PROBLEM

Formulating a study problem is the first and most important steps in the study process. A study problem identifies researcher’s destination and decide what he want to find out.

CRITERIA FOR DEVELOPING A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION

Feasibility

Interesting

Novel

Ethical

Relevant

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FINER

ABSTRACT

The abstract should be written in about 200 words, it contents brief synopsis of activities to be carried out in the study. It helps to understand the frame of study activities for the reader.

BACKGROUND

The background may provide general idea about formulating problem and linked between present situation and past experiences.

OBJECTIVE

Objectives of Research should be

S=Specific

M=Measurable

A=Achievable

R=Reasonable

T=Timeliness

LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a written summary of articles, books and other documents that describe the past and current state ok knowledge about topic.

FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESES

Hypotheses is always developed in response to the purpose statement or to answer the research question.

METHODOLOGY

• Study design• Study area and population• Sampling and Sample

selection• Study variables• Data collection• Data analysis

SAMPLING AND SAMPLE SELECTION

There are different process of sampling methods;• Probability sampling• Non-probability sampling

STUDY VARIABLES

• Dependent variables• Independent Variable

Variables may take numerical (quantitative) or non-numerical (qualitative) values. Quantitative VariablesQualitative Variables

INSTRUMENTS

• Questionnaires• Checklist• Guidelines• Lab equipment• Medicines

DATA COLLECTION

Process contains four interdependent elements;• Defining a research methods• Defining and constituting the sample• Choosing and preparing Data collection tools• Evaluating the tools-pre test

DATA ANALYSIS

• Entered into a database • Editing and coding• Computer software used; dBase IV, SPSS, Epi, Epinfo,

STATA, Excel• Frequencies and cross- tabulations • Selection of analytical techniques

INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS AND REPORT WRITING

CONTAINS OF REPORT• Research title• Acknowledgement• Abbreviations• List of table• List of figures• Introduction (background, statement of problem and its justification or

rationale)• Objectives• Methodology• Results• Discussion• Recommendations• References• Annexes

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