Forestry & Agroforestry 2014 Session 1 - Introducing Complex Agroforestry Systems

Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry

Forest, Trees and Livelihoods

C. Garcia; A. Dray; P.Waeber Forest Management and Development (ForDev) CIRAD / ETH Zürich – Sept. 2014

BACKGROUND Section I

FORDEV

Karbi Anglong

TiCoYa

Games

Biodiversity, Tree Rights and Strategies

Integrating biodiversity conservation in coffee agroforestry systems of Kodagu,

India

C. Garcia Tropical Forestry and Agroforestry – Session 1

Coffee and Biodiversity

Source: Rethinking Green Consumerism 2002

Raja’s seat, Madikeri

Landscape Mosaic

History British Raj

1834 Independence

1947 Liberalisation

1992

British Planters COFFEE/ PEPPER

Traditional farmers RICE/CARDAMOM

Family farm

COFFEE / PEPPER RICE/CARDAMOM

Development of coffee area

Market prices Arabica =>

Robusta

Today

Adivasis JHUM

Worker / Fam. Farm

< 2 acres Cardamom or

COFFEE / PEPPER + self consumption

1977 1997

Landscape dynamics

• Coffee : 100% • Forest: -30%

Evergreen Forests

Coffee Plantations

Deciduous Forests 2007

Biodiversity changes

Forest to Agroforest

Coffee Production

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 20 40 60 80 100

Yiel

d (in

Bag

s)

Shade (%)

Impact of Shade and Irrigation on Coffee Yield

Irrigation

No irrigation

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 14

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 14 500m 50m

Sampling design

d1 d2 d3

d4

d7 d8

d9

d10

d5

d6

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 16

Sampling Tree Biodiversity

• 114 estates • 68.4 Ha • 20.000 trees • 240 species • 2% error

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 17

Structure Tree/ha

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Large Medium Small Sacred Forests Natural Forest

Estate size

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 18

Species Accumulation curves

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Transects

Spec

ies

Ric

hnes

s

ICE MeanACE MeanCole Rarefaction

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 19

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 20

Most frequent species

20%

10%

5%

4%

4%

57%

Grevillea robusta

Erythrina lithosperma

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius

Areca catechu

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Others

Stand dynamics

PCA • 65 % var with 2 factors

September 17, 2014 ATBC – ForDev 24

Biodiversity changes

Forest to Agroforest

Opening the canopy

Planting G. robusta

Management alternatives

Biodiversity changes

Forest to Agroforest

Reducing canopy

Replacing by

G. robusta

Tree ownership

rights

Implementation of public policies Labor costs

Coffee prices

fluctuation

Timber smuggling

Timber Rights Cheynier 2006

Timber Rights

“While conferring ownership rights […] right over the tree growth may be excluded. As otherwise, it is apprehended that in 10 years time the entire tree growth is likely to disappear.” - G.K. Lokare, Secy. to Govt., Revenue Dept., 22/9/99

PCA • 65 % var with 2 factors

MANAGING AN ESTATE… Section II

PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS Section III

Coffee owner

Input Irrigation infrastructure

Labor

buys

hires

works

climbs on

Management bloc

Market Forest Dpt

Timber merchant

sells

sell

buys

buys

enforces policies

Conceptual Model

Role Playing Game

Grevillea robusta

Ferme Poivre Force de travail

Irrigation

Intrants Perche

Régénération naturelle

Arbre élagué

Junglewood

Caféier 10 cm

Biodiversity changes

Forest to Agroforest

Opening the canopy

Planting G. robusta

Human Elephant conflict

Tree ownership

rights Labor costs

Coffee supply chain

Timber smuggling

“While conferring ownership rights over the Bane and Hithlu lands, ..right over the tree growth may be excluded. As otherwise, it is apprehended that in 10 years time the entire tree growth is likely to disappear.” - G.K. Lokare, Secy. to Govt., Revenue Dept., 22/9/99

Scenarios

• No Tree Rights – Difficult to sale Jungle Wood on the legal

market – No restrictions on Silver Oak

• Tree Rights – No restrictions on Jungle Wood as well as

on Silver Oak

Results - Livelihood

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5

Farm

er's

Inco

me

(in C

INC

)

Game Turns

Average Income: Coffee + Pepper + Timber

No TreeRights

Tree Rights

Results – Tree cover

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 1 2 3 4 5

Tree Rights

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 1 2 3 4 5

No Tree Rights

Trees Saplings Seedlings

Results - Biodiversity

0%

50%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5

No Tree Rights

0%

50%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5

Tree Rights

Jungle Wood Silver Oak

Conclusion

Conservation Development

Tree ownership

rights

Certification

PES Tax incentives

Kodagu SES

Norms and Policies

Users Ecosystems