View
154
Download
4
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
haseeb
Citation preview
Fertility
Worldwide
0.6
0.9
1.82.0 2.0
1.3
0
1
2
3
1950-1955 1970-1975 1990-1995 2010-2015 2030-2035 2045-2050
Bill
ion
s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ch
ildre
n p
er
wo
ma
n
Women 15 to 49 Average number of children per woman
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
Women of Childbearing Age and Fertility
© 2006 Population Reference Bureau
• The number of women in their childbearing years has increased since the 1950s and is projected to continue to increase to 2050.• The number of children per woman has declined since the 1950s and is projected to continue to decline.• Even though women have on average fewer children than their mothers, the absolute number of babies being born continues to increase because of the increases in the total number of women of childbearing age.
Notes on Women of Childbearing Age and Fertility
Diverging Trends in Fertility Reduction
Average number of children per woman
5.75.25.4
6.46.4
8.5
5.3
3.3
6.2
3.1
2.4 2.1
4.3
2.5
Egypt India Indonesia Iran Pakistan Turkey Yemen
1970-1975 2000-2005
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Migration
• 1. Types of Migration– What are the major forms of migration?
• 2. Selective Migration– Why migration can be considered as a selective
process?• 3. Brain Drain
– What is the extent of movements of skilled labor?
Types of Migration• Emigration and immigration
– Change in residence.– Relative to origin and
destination.
• Requires information– People and conditions.– Two different places.– Two different times.
• Duration– Permanent.– Seasonal / Temporary.
• Choice / constraint– Improve one’s life.– Leave inconvenient /
threatening conditions.
A
B
Problems or benefits?
Problems or benefits?
Emigrant
Immigrant
Types of Migration• Gross migration
– Total number of people coming in and out of an area.
– Level of population turnover.
• Net Migration– Difference between immigration
(in-migration) and emigration (out-migration).
– Positive value:• More people coming in.• Population growth.
– 44% of North America and 88% of Europe.
– Negative value:• More people coming out.• Population decline.
Emigration
Immigration
Net migration
Gross migration
Annual Net International Migration by Continent, 1990-95
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America andCarribean
North America
Oceania
Net Migration, 2000-05
3,000
Net Migration (1,000s)
NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
Types of Migration
• International Migration– Emigration is an indicator of economic and/or social
failures of a society.– Crossing of a national boundary.– Easier to control and monitor.– Laws to control / inhibit these movements.– Between 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each
year.– Between 1965 and 2000, 175 million people have
migrated:• 3% of the global population.
Migration Policies and Global Migration Patterns
Period Policies Pattern
Before 1914 Open policies (“showing up”). Immigration as a source of labor and development.
From developed (Europe) to developing countries (Americas, Africa, Australia). Immigration from Europe between 1880 and 1910 was exceeded 25 million.
1920s and 1930s
“Closed door” linked with the economic depression. Deportation of immigrants.
Limited migration.
After 1945 More open policies. Reconstruction in Europe (12% of labor force) and economic growth in America.
Beginning to shift from developing to developed countries (12%).
After 1973 Relatively open policies, but with more stringent requirements. Growth of refugees and illegal immigration.
From developing to developed countries (88%). 3 million illegal immigrants entering the US per year.
World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)IndianChineseJapanese Majority of population descended from immigrants
Major International Migration Patterns, 1990s
NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
International Migration: Main Destination Countries, 1997
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
United States
Germany
Japan
Britain
Canada
France
% of foreign population
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000
Immigration, 1997
% Foreign populationImmigration, 1997
Region of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population: 1850 to 2000
20001990198019701960193019201910190018901880187018601850
.
Not ReportedNorthern AmericaLatin AmericaAfricaAsiaEurope
Types of Migration• Local Migration
– No state boundaries are crossed.
– Buying a new house in the same town or city.
– Difficult to research since they are usually missed in census data.
– Based on change of income or lifestyle.
– Often very high levels of local migration.
– Americans change residence every 5 to 7 years.
Central City
Suburb
Types of Migration
• Voluntary migration– The migrant makes the decision to move.– Most migration is voluntary.
• Involuntary– Forced migration in which the mover has no role
in the decision-making process.– Slavery:
• About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.
• In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
– Refugees.– Military conscription.– Children of migrants.– Situations of divorce or separation.
Types of MigrationType Characteristics
International Crossing a boundary; easier to control; regulated; difference in income; 2-3 million per year.
National Between states or provinces; little control; employment opportunities; education; retirement.
Local Within a city/region; change of income or lifestyle.
Voluntary The outcome of a choice.
Involuntary The outcome of a constraint.
Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population,Europe
2000 (in %)
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent
Male Female FemaleMale
Foreign BornNative
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0- 4
5- 9
10- 14
15- 19
20- 24
25- 29
30- 34
35- 39
40- 44
45- 49
50- 54
55- 59
60- 64
65- 69
70- 74
75- 79
80- 84
85+
Percent
Age
Brain Drain
• Definition– Relates to educationally specific selective
migrations.– Some countries are losing the most educated
segment of their population.– Can be both a benefit for the receiving country
and a problem to the country of origin.• Receiving country
– Getting highly qualified labor contributing to the economy right away.
– Promotes economic growth in strategic sectors: science and technology.
– Not having to pay education and health costs.– 30% of Mexicans with a PhD are in the US.
World Urban Population, 1950-2000 with Projections to 2020 (in
billions)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Developing countries
Developed countries
Annual Growth of World and Urban Populations, 1950-2030 (in
millions)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950-1955
1955-1960
1960-1965
1965-1970
1970-1975
1975-1980
1980-1985
1985-1990
1990-1995
1995-2000
2000-2005
2005-2010
2010-2015
2015-2020
2020-2025
2025-2030
World
Urban
Recommended