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Tundra Biome:
Biomes: focus on Ecotones:
Biomes: Moisture and Temperature Limitations:
Fig. 5.6
Geographical Isolation and Scale: Plant Communities:
Fig. 5.7: Prairie potholes where aquatic communities occupy small, discrete spaces within a larger, grassland biome.
Geographical Isolation and Scale: Plant Communities:
Fig. 5.7: Mixed temperate forest biome where communities and associations overlap and merge together and cover vast areas.
Biogeography:• A branch of geography that
focuses on the geographic distribution of plants and animals over the surface of the Earth.
Biogeography:• Ecological biogeography: Concerned
with how the distribution patterns of plants and animals is affected by the environment (both physical and biological).
• Historical biogeography: Focuses on how the spatial distribution of plants and animals evolve over time and space.
Species Diversity by Latitude:
Table 5.1: Species diversity is generally greatest at lower latitudes.
5.5: Ecosystem Patterns and Distributions:
• Cartographic review of biomes,• Global terrestrial patterns,• Global marine patterns,• Altitudinal zonation, and• Exotic rivers.
Global Distribution of Terrestrial Biomes:
Fig. 5.8: Biomes generally correspond to climate regions.
Human Alteration ofTerrestrial Biomes:
• Temperate forests in China, Europe, and North America,
• Tropical forests in South America, Africa, and Asia, and
• Grasslands throughout all continents (except for Antarctica).
Productivity within the World’s Oceans:
Fig. 5.9: Based on phytoplankton activity, ecological activity is moderate in equatorial latitudes, low in subtropical latitudes, and surprisingly high within the higher latitudes.
Relative Distribution of Marine Productivity:
Fig. 5.10
Global Marine Patterns:• Significant variation related to water
depth and ocean circulation,• Productivity, biomass, and species
diversity are greatest in shallow waters, especially within the coastal (littoral) zone, and
• Irregular coastal zones with deltas, and mixtures of fresh, brackish, and salt water are most productive.
Mixture of Cold and Warm Ocean Currents:
Fig. 5.11
• Mechanisms of Heat Transfer and Intense Biological Productivity
– The Gulf Stream-North Atlantic Drift Ocean Current
• Fig. 5.11
Fig. 5.11: Scanning electron micrograph of marine phytoplankton.
Phytoplankton: Base of Marine Ecosystems:
Global Distribution ofH-type Climates:
Highland Climographs:
Altitudinal Zonation:
Altitudinal Zonation:
Fig. 5.12: Note the effect of elevation, slope, and aspect on terrestrial ecosystems. Temperatures grow cooler with increasing elevation.
Drainage Network: Watershed, Floodplain, and Delta:
Fig. 5.12: Note the geography of headwater, main trunk, and delta.
Exotic Streams within Desert Biomes:
Fig. 5.12: Exotic streams like the Colorado and Nile Rivers result in complex ecosystems.
Running Water in Waterless Regions• Significance of Running Water
– Aeolian processes less significant– Sparse vegetation
• Overland flow erosion• Surface Water in Deserts
– Exotic Streams
– Fig. 5.12
• Nile River (an exotic stream) and Nile Delta:
- Fig. 5.12
5.6: Models of Spatial Dynamics in Ecosystems:
• Succession,• Successional stage,• Climax community,• Disturbance theory,• Environmental management, and• The human factor.
Ecological Succession:• A change in plant and animal
communities.• Describes the way in which biotic
communities succeed one another on the way to a (meta) stable endpoint (the climax).
Ecological Succession:• Primary succession: Succession on a
newly-deposited mineral sediment (e.g. sand dune, beach, volcanic lava and ash deposits, and river deposits).
• Secondary succession: Succession on a previously vegetated area that has been recently disturbed by fire, flood, storm, or human activities.
Ecological Succession:
Evolution:• Change in the genetic makeup of a
population of a species in successive generations.
• If continued long enough, it can lead to the formation of a new species.
• Note that populations - not individuals - evolve.
Natural Selection:• Process by which a particular beneficial
gene (or set of genes) is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes.
• The result is a population that contains a greater proportion of organisms better adapted to certain environmental conditions (“survival of the fittest”).
Natural Selection:
Which genetic
adaptations have allowed
this moth species to survive?
Species:• Group of organisms that resemble one
another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure.
• Organisms that reproduce sexually are classified as members of the same species only if they can interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
5.7: Land Use as Ecosystems:
• Modern land uses require large amounts of energy and material inputs,
• The resource base (soil and water) is progressively depleted over time, and
• Land use continues to be pushed into marginal environments where risk of disturbance is greater.
Volcanic Eruption and Environmental Disturbance:
Fig. 5.13
Volcanic Eruption and Environmental Disturbance:
Fig. 5.13
5.8: Human Impact and Disturbance of Ecosystems:• Reduction,
• Fragmentation,• Substitution,• Simplification,• Contamination (persistent chemicals
and biomagnification), and• Overgrowth (eutrophication).
Endemic Species:
Fragmentation of Habitats along a Stream:
Fig. 5.14
Human Impact: Contamination:
Fig. 5.15: Increase in DDT via biomagnification within a food chain. Consider DDT as an example of a persistent chemical. DDT, PCB, and dioxin are environmental contaminants that may culminate in synergism.
Human Impact: Overgrowth:
Fig. 5.16: Graph illustrating the concept of cultural eutrophication in an inland lake. Infilling accelerates over time with nutrient loading from development in the watershed around the lake.
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