Enlightenment and Modernism (QUT)

Roman Catholic Europe - 4CE (Constantine converts)

Renaissance - Mid 15CE - mid 16CE (Scholasticism > Humanism)

Reformation - 16CE – Protestantism & secularism

Scientific Revolution - 16CE - 18CE

Enlightenment - 18CE - 19CE

Modernism - 20CE

Congress of Vienna, 1815

Six ruling families: the Hapsburgs (Austria and eastward), Hanovers (Britain), Romanovs (Russia), Ottomans (Turkey), Hohenzollerns (Germany), and Bourbons (France).

Pre-Socratic Greeks Indigenous Australian

Enlightenment and Modernism

Eastern Thought World

Romanticism

The psychologised ‘self’

Political art (‘art for change’)

‘Art’ vs ‘artisanship’

Capitalism & Commercialism

State sponsored art

Virtual/mixed reality

Neurology

Education & training

State welfare

‘ Liberal arts’

Science

Symbolism

Knowledge & Mind

The ‘enlightenment project’:

1.Autonomy

2.The human end purpose of our acts

3.Universality

In Defence of the Enlightenment - Tzvetan Todorov

1. Autonomy(‘Emancipation’)

‘Giving priority to what human beings decide for themselves, rather than what is imposed on them by an external authority.’

(Critical) It is necessary to be free from external authorities

(Constructive) It is necessary to be guided by laws, norms & rules decided by the same people to whom they’re addressed

2. The human end purpose of our actsThe purpose of action was seen in human rather than divine terms. The question for salvation was replaced by the search for happiness. The state was not an instrument of a divine plan but an instrument for the welfare of its citizens.

3. UniversalityHuman rights (in addition to citizen’s rights) – common to all human beings. Right to life > contestation of death penalty. Right to physical integrity > contestation of torture. Demand for equality > women, slaves, children, the poor.

The past – not a set of object lessons and templates but as a series of events developing ideas over time (‘progress’)

Darwin (Science)

Freud (Psychology)

Marx (Political Economics)

Literary – new literary genres, foregrounding ‘the individual’ – the novel, and autobiography – works not about eternal laws but singular men & women in particular situations

Visual – no longer mythological or ‘classical’ subjects but daily, unexceptional, routine gestures & topics

Political – the origin of power is to be found in the people, the ‘general will’. Individual freedom relative to state power – requires pluralism and a balance of powers (temporal and spiritual) -> secularism

Legal – only ‘offences’ - misdeeds against society – were punishable; not sins – misdeeds against God

Education – removed from the ecclesiastical

Press – public debate

Economy – removal of arbitrary restraints in favour of free circulation of goods and adjustment to division of labour (work and individual effort, rather than inherited privilege)

... and cities

Hogarth

When old age shall this generation waste,Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woeThan ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst,"Beauty is truth, truth beauty," – that is allYe know on earth, and all ye need to know

Ode on a Grecian Urn, John Keats, 1820

mathematicsphysicstechnologybiologymedicinegeologyprobability theorypsychologylinguisticsinformation sciencepoliticslawethicstheologyhistoryphilosophyphilology

(Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem)

If P is ω-consistent, then there is a sentence which is neither provable nor refutable from P.Proof: By judicious coding of syntax referred to above, write a formula Prf(x,y)[11] of number theory, representable in P, so that

n codes a proof of φ ⇒ P Prf(⊢ n, ⌈φ⌉).

And

n does not code a proof of φ ⇒ P ¬Prf(⊢ n, ⌈φ⌉).

Let Prov(y) denote the formula ∃x Prf(x,y)[12]. By Theorem 2 there is a sentence φ with the propertyP (φ ↔ ¬Prov(⊢ ⌈φ⌉)).Thus φ says ‘I am not provable.’ We now observe, if P φ, then by (1) there is ⊢ n such that P ⊢Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉), hence P Prov(⊢ ⌈φ⌉), hence, by (3) P ¬φ, so ⊢ P is inconsistent. ThusP φ⊬Furthermore, by (4) and (2), we have P ¬Prf(⊢ n, ⌈φ⌉) for all natural numbers n. By ω-consistency P ⊬∃x Prf(x, ⌈φ⌉). Thus (3) gives P ¬φ. We have shown that if ⊬ P is ω-consistent, then φ is independent of P.

On concluding the proof of the first theorem, Gödel remarks, "we can readily see that the proof just given is constructive; that is … proved in an intuitionistically unobjectionable manner… " (Gödel 1986, p. 177).

The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l’herbe) 1863

Literary scholar Peter Childs sums up the complexity:

"There were paradoxical if not opposed trends towards revolutionary and reactionary positions, fear of the new and delight at the disappearance of the old, nihilism and fanatical enthusiasm, creativity and despair."

These oppositions are inherent to modernism: it is in its broadest cultural sense the assessment of the past as different to the modern age, the recognition that the world was becoming more complex, and that the old "final authorities" (God, government, science, and reason) were subject to intense critical scrutiny.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism

1760 >>

1806 – 1859

Clifton Suspension Bridge 1864

Making money is art and

working is art and

good business is the best art

Andy Warhol

Let us create a new guild of craftsmen, without the class distinctions that raise anarrogant barrier between craftsman and artist.

Together let us conceive and create the newbuilding of the future, which will embrace architecture and sculpture and painting in oneunity and which will rise one day toward heaven from the hands of a million workers, likethe crystal symbol of a new faith.

Bauhaus Manifesto

1.Autonomy

2.The human end purpose of our acts

3.Universality

Darwin (Science)

Freud (Psychology)

Marx (Political Economics)

Art

Religion

Technology

Politics

The City

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