Engineering

Literature Searching, Referencing & Citation and Plagiarism

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Jamie Halstead

Information Specialist

Natural & Mathematical Sciences

Referencing & Citation

and Avoiding Plagiarism

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Referencing & Citation and Avoiding Plagiarism

• What is citation and why do it?

• What is plagiarism and why is it so serious?

• How to avoid it

• How to use other people’s work in your work

• Writing references and bibliographies

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What You Should Cite?

• Direct quotes– Part of a sentence, built into your sentences– Long quotes that are introduced by your

sentences– Block quotes (quotes of over 40 words)

• Paraphrases– Somebody else’s idea in your words

Why Cite References?

• To avoid plagiarism

• To get credit for the research you have done

• To substantiate what you have written

• To enable others to follow up your research

• To give credit to others for their work

• To enable you to go back and check information

• “The taking of another person’s thoughts, words, results, judgements, ideas, images etc and presenting them as your own” (King’s College London Plagiarism Strategy)

• Direct quotations from published or unpublished works of others (including lecture hand-outs) without proper citation.

• Paraphrasing – expressing another person’s ideas of judgements in other words without proper acknowledgement

What is Plagiarism?

Reasons Why Students Plagiarise

• Cynical plagiarism

• Time pressure

• Poor notes

• Lack of subject knowledge

• Ignorance of citation rules

“Plagiarism is a form of cheating and a serious academic offence. All allegations of plagiarism will be investigated and may result in action being taken under the College’s Misconduct regulations. A substantiated charge of plagiarism will result in a penalty being ordered ranging from a mark of zero for the assessed work to expulsion from the College”.

Kings College Plagiarism Strategy

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• Turnitin (http://www.submit.ac.uk) may be used to check your work

• More information on OneSpace at

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/onespace/study/turnitin/

Turnitin

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Avoiding The Pitfalls

•Time management

•Note taking

•Understanding

•Your voice / contribution

Note Taking• In your notes identify:

–direct quotes (“Q”) and –paraphrases (“P”) or –your own ideas (“Me”)

•Make sure to include –page number, –volume/ issue, –author and –article/book/journal title

•Keep a working bibliography

Lack Of Understanding

• Not understanding your notes

• Assuming that you should understand the subject and will be “found out” if you ask for help

• Can’t find a way to express an idea better than the original author

Voice

• Can my reader tell which ideas are mine and which belong to other people?

• Have I represented other peoples work fairly?

• Have I contributed something of my own?

- Choosing a topic to research

- Choosing what information to read

- Agreeing / disagreeing with what you have read / quoted

- Choosing what information to include/exclude

- Developing your own writing style

Your Contribution

Citation Guidelines

• Citation in text– Paraphrases– Quotes

•Reference & bibliography

•User Guide on Onespace at http://www.kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c6/07/98/48/citing2009-10FINAL1.pdf

•Check with your lecturer

Quoting Tables, Diagrams & Equations

• To correctly reference equations, tables and diagrams you will need to consider the following:

– Equations, diagrams and tables = quotations in the text– Decide which steps of an equation to include and which to leave out

Citing Secondary Sources

•Reference: U. Bossel Does a Hydrogen Economy Make Sense? Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol. 94, No. 10, October 2006

• E.g. Equations from other people’s work

• If you use a secondary source, make this clear in your citation

Exercise - Extract 1

There are a range of problems faced by minorities in the workplace. First, the selection and recruitment process is biased against them in one form or another. Second, they have very few role models in the work environment, who could mentor them and socialize them towards organizational life. Third, they do not get the feedback they need in terms of performance appraisal to guide them through the turbulent waters of their careers.

Extract 2

There are a range of difficulties faced by minorities at work. First, the selection and recruitment process is biased against them in some way. Second, they have few role models in the organisational context, who could mentor and socialise them regarding organisational life. Third, they don't get the feedback they need on their performance to guide them through the choppy waters of their careers.

Extract 3

Arnold et al. suggest that 'There are a range of problems faced by minorities in the workplace. First, the selection and recruitment process in biased against them in one form or another. Second, they have very few role models in the work environment, who could mentor them and socialise them towards organisational life. Third, they do not get the feedback they need in terms of performance appraisal to guide them through the turbulent waters of their careers.'

Extract 4

Arnold et al. (1995 p96) suggest that 'There are a range of problems faced by minorities in the workplace. First, the selection and recruitment process in biased against them in one form or another. Second, they have very few role models in the work environment, who could mentor them and socialise them towards organisational life. Third, they do not get the feedback they need in terms of performance appraisal to guide them through the turbulent waters of their careers.'

Extract 5

Minorities of whatever sort are presented with a number of difficulties in the organisational context. For example, performance appraisal often does not meet their needs in terms of providing guidance on career development. The ways in which organisational personnel are selected and recruited are often characterised by racism, sexism, homophobia etc. Finally, the lack of people of colour, women and other members of minorities in senior positions often mean that those lower down the organisation cannot get the mentoring and socialisation they need at work.

Extract 6

Minorities of whatever sort are presented with a number of difficulties in the organisational context. For example, performance appraisal often does not meet their needs in terms of providing guidance on career development. The ways in which organisational personnel are selected and recruited are often characterised by racism, sexism, homophobia, etc. Finally, the lack of people of colour, women and other members of minorities in senior positions often mean that those lower down the organisation cannot get the mentoring and socialisation they need at work (Arnold et al., 1995 p96).

A Better Alternative?'Arnold et al (1995: 96) argue that minorities of whatever sort are presented with the following three difficulties in the organisational context. Performance appraisal often does not meet their needs in terms of providing guidance on career development. Further, the ways in which organisational personnel are selected and recruited are often characterised by racism, sexism, homophobia, etc. Finally, the lack of people of colour, women and other members of minorities in senior positions often mean that those lower down the organisation cannot get the mentoring and socialisation they need at work.'

Writing a Bibliography/References

• Bibliography – List of consulted readings, e.g. list of textbook sources, studied

while composing your work, but not specifically cited in the text– Usually presented in author order

• Reference list – List of cited sources– Either

• Numeric: superscript numbers1,with numbered reference list• Harvard: (author, year), with author order reference list

Types Of References

• Book• Book chapter• Journal article• E-journal article• Electronic book• Web page• Images

• Illustrations and tables• Computer programme• Conference proceedings• Conference papers• Standards and patents

Schwarz P M, Schwarz J H.

Books

Schwarz P M, Schwarz J H. (2004).

Books

Schwarz P M, Schwarz J H. (2004). Special relativity: from Einstein to strings.

Books

Schwarz P M, Schwarz J H. (2004). Special relativity: from Einstein to strings. Cambridge,

Books

Schwarz P M, Schwarz J H. (2004). Special relativity: from Einstein to strings. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

Books

• Author (surname and initials)• Year of publication (in brackets)• Title (in italics)• Edition (only needed if 2nd or later edition)• Place of publication• Publisher

e.g. Schwarz P M, Schwarz J H. (2004). Special relativity: from Einstein to strings. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

Books

Du Sautoya M.

Journal Articles

Du Sautoya M. (2006).

Journal Articles

Du Sautoya M. (2006). “Burden of proof”.

Journal Articles

Du Sautoya M. (2006). “Burden of proof”. New Scientist.

Journal Articles

Du Sautoya M. (2006). “Burden of proof”. New Scientist. Vol 191, Issue 2566: pp 41-43.

Journal Articles

• Author (surname and initials)• Year of publication (in brackets)• Title of article (in quotation marks)• Title of journal (in italics)• Issue details (volume, issue number)• Page number(s) of whole article

e.g. Du Sautoya M (2006). “Burden of proof”. New Scientist. Vol 191, Issue 2566: pp 41-43.

Journal Articles

Purdue University Writing Lab.

Websites

Purdue University Writing Lab. (2006).

Websites

Purdue University Writing Lab. (2006). Owl On-Line Writing Lab.

Websites

Purdue University Writing Lab. (2006). Owl On-Line Writing Lab.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01.

Websites

Purdue University Writing Lab. (2006). Owl On-Line Writing Lab.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01. (accessed: 09/08/2008).

Websites

• Author• Year that the site was last updated (in brackets)• Title of website (in italics)• Available at: URL• (Accessed: date (in brackets)

e.g. Purdue University Writing Lab (2006). Owl on-line writing lab. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01

(accessed: 09/08/2008).

Websites

‘The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism’ by Colin Neville (E-Book)

Maughan Library and ISC Enquiry Desk020 7848 1178/2issenquiry@kcl.ac.uk

Jamie HalsteadJamie.halstead@kcl.ac.uk

Further Information

Finding Quality Academic Information

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Finding Quality Academic Information

• Web sources and issues

• Journal papers

– Finding the full-text of journal references

– Using databases to search for journal articles on a subject area

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• There’s so much on the web that it’s hard to find the good stuff

• Try Google Scholar

• Change your preferences to link to Kings e-journals

Google

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• Good starting point• Health warning!• Don’t rely on it for accuracy

• Your tutors may not accept references to it• Always use authoritative sources

Wikipedia

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• Journals when you have a reference– Via the library catalogue

• Journals when you only have a topic– Web of Knowledge– SciVerse – IEEE Xplore

Finding Journal Information

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Hurmuzlu, Yildirim (2004). “Modeling, stability and control of biped robots—a general framework”. Automatica, 40(10): 1647-1664

• Go to the OneSpace log-in page (https://onespace.kcl.ac.uk/) • Click ISS catalogue• Search for Proceedings of the Physical Society • Change select search by to journal title words and Click submit• Click SFX@King’s for the full text• Click the link for full text • Search for the correct volume (91), issue (1) and pages (259-260)• You will need your ATHENS password if off site

Journal Articles When You Have A Reference

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Alba, Mauricio et al (2010). “Center of percussion and gait design of biped robots”. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 45 (11): 1681-1693

Try to find and access this article yourself

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• Phrase Searching – e.g. “robotic fingers”

• Truncation *– e.g. Robot* retrieves robot, robotics, robots etc

• Wildcards $– E.g. colo$r retrieves colour and color

Search Tips

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Some Final Reminders

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• Senate House and other academic libraries• Other libraries in London• Specialist libraries • British Library

• Inter Library Loans– £3.50 journal article– £6.50 book

External Resources

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Summary

• Make sure you don’t plagiarise

• Use the library e-resources to find quality information

• Impress your tutors with your references and bibliography

• Don’t leave it all to the last minute

• Make sure you keep back up copies of your all work

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Questions?

Jamie Halstead

Information Specialist for Natural & Mathematical Sciences

Jamie.halstead@kcl.ac.uk

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