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EEG
DR MANDAR HAVAL
• EEG is about pattern recognition
• ECG is about precision
EEG – systematic approach
• Minimal technical requirements
• 16 channels• Atleast 3 montages• Longitudinal bipolar, horizontal bipolar, referential• Atleast 20 min recording and in neonates 1 hour
International 10-20 system of Electrode placement
Montages
Bipolar: the potential difference between 2 active electrodes
Referential: potential difference between 1 active and 1 inactive electrode
EEG- what to look at?
• Background
• Activity – rhythmic, arhythmic, periodic
• Evolution of the rhythm
EEG- describing the waves
• Frequency :delta(0-4hz), theta(4-8hz), alpha(8-13hz), beta(>13 hz)
• Amplitude: low(<25 uv), moderate(25-75uv), high(>75uv)
• Location• Symmetry• Synchrony• Reactivity• Rhythmic, periodic, arhythmic• Morphology (spike, sharp, biphasic, triphasic)
Normal EEG in a child
Normal EEG in adult
Spike and wave complex
Case 1
• 10 year old girl• Developmentally normal• Slight deterioration in school performance last
2 months• Multiple episodes of brief staring 5 -10 sec• No loss of tone• Examination normal
EEG
Absence seizure
• Onset 4-10 yrs• Hundreds per day; 4-20 secs• Eyes open, voluntary activity stops
• EEG – 3per sec spike wave activity. Ppt by hyperventilation
• Drug of choice – ethosuxamide/ valproate/ lamotrigine
Case 2
• 5 month male• HIE stage 2 at birth
• Clusters of sudden tonic flexion of entire body several times in a day, especially on awakening - 2 weeks
Diagnosis?
West syndrome
• Infantile spasms with hypsarrythmia
• EEG – chaotic• High amplitude, multifocal spikes and
polyspikes, asynchronous, arrrhythmic
• Drugs of choice- ACTH/ steroids
Case 4
• 7 year old boy
• Nocturnal seizure, jerky movements of the lips, eyes wide open, unable to sleep, hypersalivation
BECTS- benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (Rolandic epilepsy)
• Onset 1-14 yrs• Unilateral facial sensorimotor seizures• Hypersalivation• Speech arrest• Oropharyngeal manifestations
• Prognosis- most remit in 2-4 yrs• Treatment- nil/ CMZ/LVT
Case 4
• 8 year old boy• h/o delayed milestones – walking 2 yrs,
speech 3 years• Multiple types of seizures several times a day
– 2 months• Tonic seizures, atonic falls, myoclonic seizures• Regression of milestones
EEG
EEG of Lennox Gastaut Syndrome
• Background – slow and disorganised
• Slow generalized spike wave ( < 2.5 cps)• Multiple independent spike foci• Very fast ( 10-20 cps) paroxysmal activity s/o
tonic seizures
Management of LGS
• Multiple anti epileptic drugs• Poor response• Non AED’s- IVIG, steroids, ketogenic diet• Surgery – corpus callosotomy
Case 5
• 4 year old girl• Fever & recurrent focal seizures – 2 days• Comes in status epilepticus• Seizures stop after lorazepam and phenytoin• Patient remains comatose > 24 hours after all
motor seizures have stopped.
EEG
EEG of NCSE (non convulsive status epilepticus)
• Spikes, waves, rhythmic activity• Focal or partial features, discrete or
continuous• Cyclic or recurrent patterns• May correlate with changes in behaviour and
responsiveness• Significant improvement in discharges and
sensorium on giving IV anti epileptics
Case 7
• 11 year old boy• Cognitive decline last 6 months• Repetitive extensor myoclonus last 1 month• Stopped walking, speaking, swallowing last 15
days• Past h/o measles at 3 years
EEG
SSPE
• EEG: stereotyped, generalized and synchronous high amplitude periodic complexes
• Diagnosis: Elevated CSF anti measles antibodies
• Prognosis: grim
• 8 mts old female child with delayed development milestones flexor spasm EEG done.
• Describe characteristic EEG findings• What is diagnosis?• What is T/t?• Which type having the good prognosis?
04/12/2023 55CME,Pune
• Hppsarrythmia• Infartile spasms• ACTH and glucocorticoids• Cryptogenic infantile spasms
04/12/2023 56CME,Pune
12.Child with fever , convulsions, altered sensorium
CSF picture : protein 62, cells 95 P10 L90, sugars 45/80, RBCs 80/ hpf• Additional 2 investigations of choice• Treatment with dose
• EEG - PLEDS-periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges
• HSV PCR,( ? HSV IgG, IgM ), CT scan / MRI with contrast – bi/ uni temporal hyperintensities
• Acyclovir 10mg/kg/dose 8 hrly for 14 -21 days
6) What does this EEG show?
• What is the drug of choice?
• Prognosis?
• One OPD procedure to confirm diagnosis
• 3 Hz spike and wave activity in Absence seizure – childhood /Juvenile
• Valproate, Lamotrigine, clobazam
• Good in childhood, slightly less for juvenile
• Hyperventilation
Jerk jerk
7) Diagnosis
• Confirmatory test
• 3 therapeutic options
• SSPE –burst suppression pattern
• CSF measles IgG
• Ribavarine, interferons, inosiplex, amantidine
8) Diagnosis
• Commonest etiology
• Drug of choice
• PLEDS• Herpes encephalitis• Acyclovir
9) 6 yr old male admitted with prolonged generalised seizures.
• Immediate AEDs –name 2 with dose• 2nd line AEDs –2 with dose• 3rd line – name 2
• Lorazepam [0.05mg/kg], • Diazepam [0.3mg/kg],• midazolam[ 0.2mg/kg]
• Phenytoin[ 20mg/kg],• phenobarb[20/kg]
• Midazolam drip,• propofol,• thiopentol
10) 6 months old child with h/o perinatal insult comes with regression of social milestones and clusters of startles on awakening .
• Diagnosis• Name 2 investigations you will ask for?
• Infantile spasms, West syndrome• EEG, MRI• Hypsarrhythmia• ACTH / steroids, Vigabatrin, Valproate
/Topiramate / Nitrazepam
• Station No : A term newborn who required resuscitation at birth with a 5 minute APGAR of 5 is admitted in NICU. The neonate had seizures in first 12 hrs of life
• Identify the findings-[1]
• What is the significance of this finding- [1/2]
• Name of the staging system other than Sarnat and Sarnat and
give its component- [1]
• EEG of neonate showing Burst Suppression
pattern
• It indicates serious outcome in HIE patients
• Levene’s staging system (Mild, Moderate and
Severe)– Consciousness
– Tone
– Seizures
– Sucking/Respiration
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