Drilling and producing well

Drilling and Production

Lecturer: Mohd Amin Shoushtari

Office: 14-03-29

Contact: aminutp@yahoo.com

PCB 1052

INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY &

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

DRILLING AND PRODUCING WELL

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A production well is drilled with a

drilling rig located on the production

platform or with a rig close to

platform and production equipment.

DRILLING A WELL

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Well is drilled in several stages.

Normally starts with drilling a hole of 30 to 36 inches diameters

(76 - 91 cm) down to a depth of 150 to 250 m.

A steel pipe called casing is lowered into the well and cemented

to the wall.

After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with a smaller

drill bit.

At a certain depth the drilling is stopped and another string of

casing is set and cemented.

This procedure will be repeated for each string until the well has

reached the depth of the reservoir.

Number of casing strings may vary from well to well depending

on well depth and formations.

DRILLING PROCEDURE

4Fig: Assembly of drillstring

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Drill bit: is a cutting tool used to create cylindrical

holes. Rotary table from rotating system

will rotate the Kelly pipe, drill pipe and bit.

Rotating the bit provides an axial force to

create the hole.

Kelly: is a primary link between the drilling rig’s

surface equipment and the bit. Kellys are

manufactured with either square or

hexagonal cross-sections. API kellys come in

two standard lengths: 40 ft and 54 ft.

Drill String Components

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Drill String Components

Drill Pipe: is a steel pipe available in three length

ranges: Range 1 (18 to 22 ft), Range 2 (27

to 30 ft) and Range 3 (38 to 45 ft).

Range 2 is the most commonly used one.

Outside diameter (inches) Nominal weights (lb/ft)

2 7/8 10.40

3 1/2 9.50

4 14.00

4 1/2 13.75

5 16.25

5 1/2 21.90

6 5/8 25.20

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Drill String Components

Casing: is a steel pipe used during the drilling

of a well.

Conductor Casing ,Surface Casing,

Intermediate Casing, Production

Casing

Drill Collar: is a steel pipe thicker than drill pipe. It is

used to provide additional weight to the

bit and optimize drilling rates. Length

ranges Range 2 (30, 31 ft) and Range 3

(42, 431/2 ft).

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CASING SIZES

Available Casing Sizes :

36 in. OD

30 in. OD

24 in. OD, 20 in. OD

13 3/8 in. OD, 10 ¾ in. OD

9 5/8 in, OD, 7 ½ in. OD

5 ½ in. OD

4 ½ in. OD

4 in. OD

Where OD is Outside Diameter.

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

For most offshore wells, the types of rig

required will fall into one of three groups

Jack-ups – where the water depth is less than

100m

Semi-Submersibles – in hostile waters too rough

for Drill Ship and depths over 100m

Drill Ships – in calm waters with depths over

100m

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Jack-up Rig

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Jack-up Rig

Jack-ups are used for most of the offshore exploration

drilling world-wide.

Jack-up has a floating hull with retractable legs which can

be jacked down to the sea bed. Hull can be lifted until it is

clear off the sea surface. The legs support the hull.

In shallow and relatively calm waters the Jack up has the

advantage of being able to leave a free standing well with

a surface completion once it is finished.

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Semi-submersible Rig

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Semi-submersible Rig

Semi-Submersibles are used mostly in the range of

water depths from 100-600 m.

This rig is not bottom-supported, but it is designed to

float and it can operate in water depths of up to 3000 ft.

In areas where water depths exceed 100m and heavy

weather can be expected, then semi-submersibles must

be used.

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship

Drill ships are used to drill the well in deep water ( up to

7000 ft ).

It is most suited in calmer waters and less harsh

environment.

It can move between locations at high speed compared to

semi-submersible rigs.

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TYPES OF LAND RIG

Land Rig

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LAND RIGS

Land rigs

Conventional rigs

Small land rigs

Medium land rigs

Large land rigs

Mobile rigs

Portable mast

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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS

Rotary Rig Component

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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS

Rotary Rig Component

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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS

Three systems

(1) Hoisting system

(2) Circulating system

(3) Rotary system

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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS

(1) Hoisting system

A large pulley system which is used to run and

pull equipment into and out of the well. Main

component is a draw-work which consists of a

clutch, gear and brake.

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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS

(2) Circulating system

It is a system used to circulate drilling fluid down

and up the drilling string. Main functions of the

system are

To remove drilled cuttings from the borehole

To exert a hydrostatic pressure to prevent

formation fluid entering the borehole.

Drilling fluid is used as a circulation fluid (water +

bentonite + weighting material + chemicals).

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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS

(3) Rotary system

The system is used to rotate the drilling string

and to rotate the drill bit on the bottom of the

hole.

The system includes rotary table and kelly

which is a rectangular-shaped pipe placed in

the rotary table.

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SYSTEMS

HOISTING SYSTEM

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One major component system of rotary drilling rig

To support the rotating system in „drilling the well‟ by

providing the appropriate equipment and working areas needed

for lifting, lowering and suspending the tremendous weights

Hoisting equipment used to lift, lower and suspend the drilling

stem

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Draw works

Overhead tools ( crown block, travelling

block, hook, elevator )

Drilling line

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Drawworks: Specialized heavy-duty hoisting winch

Crown block: An assembly of pulleys called “sheaves”

Travelling block: An arrangement of sheaves

Hook: A large hook-shaped device

Elevators: An extremely rugged, heavy duty clamps

Drilling line: A heavy-duty wire rope

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SYSTEMS

CIRCULATING SYSTEM

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CIRCULATING SYSTEM

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Components in Circulating system

1. Mud Pumps: remove large volume of

drilling fluid under high pressure

2. Shale shaker: removes drill cuttings

from the drilling fluid

3. Desander: removes granular waste from

drilling fluid

4. Desilter: removes fine particles from

drilling fluid

5. Degasser: removes entrained gases

from drilling fluid.

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DRILLING MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM

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SYSTEMS

ROTARY SYSTEM

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Rotary System

Drive System

Top Drive System Kelly and Rotary Drive System

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Rotary System

Major components of rotary system –

O Rotary table with Kelly

O Top Drive System

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DRILL BITS

Drill Bits

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DRILL BITS

Types of Drill Bits

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DRILL BITS

Types of Drill Bits

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DRILL BITS

Two basic categories:

1. Roller cutter bit (also known as roller cone bit)

- consists of cutting elements arranged on

cones (usually 3 cones) that rotate on bearings

about their own axis as the drill string turns the

body of the bit.

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DRILL BITS

2. Fixed cutter bit (also known as drag bit)

- consists of stationary cutting elements and is

rotated directly by the turning of the drill string.

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DRILLING OPERATION

DRILLING OPERATION

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CEMENTING

CEMENTING

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CEMENTING

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

DRILLING SEQUENCE

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

Run & set intermediate casing

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

Run & set intermediate casing

Cement intermediate casing

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

Run & set intermediate casing

Cement intermediate casing

Drill production hole

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

Run & set intermediate casing

Cement intermediate casing

Drill production hole

Cement production casing

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

Run & set intermediate casing

Cement intermediate casing

Drill production hole

Cement production casing

Drill production hole

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

Run & set intermediate casing

Cement intermediate casing

Drill production hole

Cement production casing

Drill production hole

Run & set liner

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DRILLING SEQUENCE

Typical sequence of operation

Rig up

Drill surface hole

Run & set surface casing

Cement surface casing

Drill intermediate hole

Run & set intermediate casing

Cement intermediate casing

Drill production hole

Cement production casing

Drill production hole

Run & set liner

Cement liner

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A string of tubing is set

from the producing

zones to the surface/

wellhead

Communicate reservoir

to surface

Provide conduit for fluid

to flow to the surface

Control the flow of fluidreservoir

reservoir

reservoir

reservoir

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Requires special

wellhead and x- mas

tree arrangement

Two wells in

one Conductor

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TYPES OF SEPARATOR

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Christmas- tree and Wellhead

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UNITS of Oil and Gas Flow Rate

Oil Flow Rate: bbl/day

(barrels/day)

Gas Flow Rate: MMSCFD

(Million Standard Cubic Feet/day)

1M = 1000 standard cubic feet