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Current extent and potential of FaidherbiaCurrent extent and potential of Faidherbia albida and Conservation Agriculture (E A i lt ) i Ethi i(Evergreen Agriculture) in Ethiopia
Kiros Meles Hadgu (PhD)Kiros Meles Hadgu (PhD)Mekelle University
Ethiopia
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Ethiopia
SizeEthiopia covers an area of 1.14 million square Kilometers
Population (2004 CSA)Total: 80 million Rular population: 84 87%Rular population: 84.87% Urban population: 15.13% Density: 59.4/Km2
Average rainfall 850mm in two distinct seasons: the “small rains” during February and March and the “big rains” from June to September.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Highlands of Ethiopia hold extraordinary landscape
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Challenges…
Declining agricultural productivity and food insecurity mainly because of:Extreme weather events (shortage of rain water/changes in rainfall patterns)-Extreme weather events (shortage of rain water/changes in rainfall patterns), combined with a low capacity to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change
Average Annual Rainfall anomaly (1951 2005) Average Annual minimum temperature difference (1951 2005)
National average of standardized annual rainfall anomaly compated to 1971-2000 normal
1.5
National average annual minimum temprature differnce compared to 1971-2000 normal
1 5
Average Annual Rainfall anomaly (1951-2005) Average Annual minimum temperature difference (1951-2005)
-0.5
0
0.5
1 y = 0.0372x - 1.2835
1-0.5
00.5
11.5
-1.5
-1
195119541957
1960196319661969197219751978198119841987199019931996199920022005
-2-1.5
-1
1951195419571960196319661969197219751978198119841987199019931996199920022005
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Challenges…
GDP is correlated with Rainfall variability in the country
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Challenges…Land degradationLand degradation
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Challenges…Declining agricultural productivity and food insecurity mainlyDeclining agricultural productivity and food insecurity mainly because of: poor land management
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Challenges…Loss/decline of trees from farm and communal lands resulting in expansion of agriculture to marginal lands and deforestationresulting in rapid environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity and desertification.and desertification.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Challenges…
Use of dung, straw, biomass as source of energy:
-Nearly 90% of HH energy in EthiopiaNearly 90% of HH energy in Ethiopia is generated from biomass:
- Rural: 81% use fuelwood,9 % d d- 9 % dund,
- 8 % crop residue, and - the rest other sources
Removal of biomass results in - Deterioration of chemical andDeterioration of chemical and
physical soil properties- High soil loss by run off
Reduction in soil productivity- Reduction in soil productivityPresented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi
12 August 2010Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Challenge…
The human population in Ethiopia is expected to double by 2030, at a growth rate of 2.7% annually. g y
Food demand is expected to grow even faster, at a rate of 3.6% annually because of the increasing human population and globalannually because of the increasing human population and global agricultural markets.
Mi l f ili i d h b l h d d l lMineral fertilizer is used much below the recommended level, The cost of mineral fertilizer is increasing from time to time and farmers may not afford anymore,y y ,
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
ChallengeChallenge…
Th h ll l d ith li t h d i bilitThese challenges coupled with climate change and variability increases the cost of agricultural production and results in reduced agricultural productivity, food insecurity and environmental degradation.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
So, how do smallholder farmers improve , pagricultural productivity, food security and environmental resilience?
Sustainable Alternative:
environmental resilience?
Through restoring exhausted soils to improve crop productivity food security and environmentalproductivity, food security and environmental resilience through Agroforestry (Faidherbia and other spp) Based Conservation Agriculture (CAWT): pp) g ( )
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Objective
To assess the current extent of Faidherbia and ConservationAgriculture practices at the smallholder farmers level inAgriculture practices at the smallholder farmers level inEthiopia.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Study Sites
Tigray
Gondar
East ShoaEastern Hararghe
Konso
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Fig1. Location of the study areas in Ethiopia.
Data collection and analysis methods
Data collection involved desk studies, expert consultations anddiscussion with key informants and household surveys.y y
Sample sites were selected by employing a transect of East-W t d N th S th f diff t ltit d i thWest and North-South from different altitude zones in the country.
A stratified random sampling was used, i.e. strata altitude zones across transects (East-West, North-South).
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Cont....
To get historical information on the extent of agricultural land uses and agroforestry practices will be discussed with f i k l l d i i dfarmers, extension workers, local administrators and decision makers
Household surveyA sample of 115 households were used for individual interview pwhich included both male and female headed households.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Ancillary dataCont....
Ancillary dataAltitude and geographic coordinates of each sample farm werealso measured using a pressure altimeter and g pGarmin etrex Summit 2000 hand held GPS (GARMIN International Inc., Kansas). Area of farmers’ fields weremeasured using the GPS, and the number of Faidherbia albidatrees and crops growing under the tree were recorded.
Crop yield estimates (farmer’s estimate per ha), crop diversity(number of crop type grown per farm) amount of mineral(number of crop type grown per farm), amount of mineralfertilizer used per ha and livestock holding per farm werecollected.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Cont....
Visual assessment and quantification of the sample farms interms of conservation agriculture practices was madeterms of conservation agriculture practices was made.
Farmers were asked why they decide to practice conservationy y pagriculture practices and Faidherbia albida based farming.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
F ’ il f ili l ( hi h di d lCont....
Farmers’ soil fertility classes (e.g. high, medium and lowsoil fertility) based on yield, soil water holding capacity,colour texture and depth stoniness and steepnesscolour, texture and depth, stoniness, and steepness.
Visual assessment was made on the status of soil erosion ofthe sample farms.
To help us easily distinguish the soil erosion status of thefarms, five classes of soil erosion were considered: no low moderate high and extremely high erosionno, low, moderate, high and extremely high erosion,corresponding with no noticeable erosion, sheet erosion,rill erosion, sheet and rill erosion together, and gully erosion
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
rill erosion, sheet and rill erosion together, and gully erosion
Statistical AnalysisStatistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, Redundancy analysis (RDA) were employed inRedundancy analysis (RDA) were employed in SPSS and CANOCO statistical packagesto describe current extent of Faidherbia albida andto describe current extent of Faidherbia albida andconservation agriculture practices.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
RESULT
Attit d f d t f F idh bi lbidAttitude of respondent farmers on Faidherbia albida
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Cont…Benefits of Faidherbia albida according to the respondentBenefits of Faidherbia albida according to the respondent farmers
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Cont…Relationship between relative Faidherbia density, amount of mineral fertilizer and grain yield (compared to the maximum of these variables in the data set)
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Cont…Faidherbia density in relation to explanatory variables
1.0
y p y
Medium Faid
No. Livestock
Hi h Fi dLow Faid Fetilize Amt
BeehivesPlotSize
High FiadAltitude
No. crop typesGrain yield
-1.0 1.0
-1.0
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Conservation agriculture (a) andCont…
(a) (b)
Conservation agriculture (a) andSoil and Water Conservation practices (b)
(a) (b)
Conservation agriculture practices Soil and Water Conservation practices
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
CAWT practices in Ethiopia- Minimum tillage: Hoe tillage and ox-drawn plough(10 – 12 cm deep)
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
CAWT practices…
- Crop rotation and- Crop rotation and mixing/intercropping
(diversification)( )
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
il d i
CAWT practices…- In situ soil and water conservation structures:
Deep trench
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
CAWT practices…- In situ soil and water conservation structures
Tree planting in Half moon: Deep trenched
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
CAWT practices…- Soil and water conservation structures
G ll h bilit tiGully rehabilitation
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
CAWT practices…- Soil and water conservation structures
R h bilit t d G llRehabilitated Gully
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
CAWT practices…
- Soil and water conservation structures: Communal land
-stone terrace, -stone bund,
Communal land
-earth bund
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
CAWT practices…CA Research site
- Few examples of Permanent soil cover not enough to cover the whole off-season
Farmers fields influenced by the CA Research
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
M i t i i il th hCAWT practices… Zero grazing in some villages
- Maintaining soil cover throughZero grazing andcut/carry systemscut/carry systems (practiced in few villages)
Cut and Carry livestock feeding
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
There are CA constraints. CA practices also vary from f f i i d di i
But still…farmer to farmer, community to community and district to district.
- Among others, the main constraint is removing soil coverthrough harvesting of crop residue and free grazing by g g p g g ylivestock (the highest number in the continent)
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Sustainable Alternative?
Integrate Conservation Agriculture With Trees (Fertilizer and fodder trees like Faidherbia albida))
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Integrating CA With Trees (CAWT), with F. albida as a keystone species to:
E i h il f tilit th h N fi ti d t i t li
albida as a keystone species to:
- Enrich soil fertility through N fixation and nutrient cycling,- Improve soil structure and minimize soil erosion,- Increase water infiltration and recharge ground water- Increase water infiltration and recharge ground water,- Maintain vegetative soil cover mainly during the dry
season,,- Provide feed for livestock, bee forage, fuel wood and
income from sale,- Environmental rehabilitation and Carbon sequestration, and - Enrich Biodiversity.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Benefits of CAWT…
Soil fertility enrichmentthrough N fixationthrough N fixation and nutrient cycling,
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
il d i i i il iBenefits of CAWT…
- Improve soil structure and minimize soil erosion
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
- Increase water infiltration and recharge ground water,Benefits of CAWT…
Increase water infiltration and recharge ground water,Faidherbia covered area in upper catchments called locally Water Bank (Northern Ethiopia)
Shallow water wells at lower catchments
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Benefits of CAWT…
- Maintain vegetative soil cover mainly during the dry season, ,
Faidherbia albida dominated farmlands (northern Ethiopia)
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
id d d h d li kBenefits of CAWT…
- Provide feed and shade for livestock
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
- Provide bee forage during the dry season when other fl i l i d
Benefits of CAWT…flowering plants are getting dry.
Huge amount of flower per mature F. albida tree
- Generate income from sale of products. Benefits of CAWT…
- Generate income from sale of products. Benefits of CAWT…
- Generate income from sale of products. Benefits of CAWT…
- Environmental rehabilitation, Carbon sequestration, and bi di it i h t
Benefits of CAWT…biodiversity enrichment
F. Albida on farmland F. Albida on communal land
Development Strategies/Programmes of Ethi i f CAWT P i i l /Obj ti- Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI)
Ethiopia favors CAWT Principles/Objectives:
- Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP)
Agricultural and Rural development strategies- Agricultural and Rural development strategies- New Coalition for Food Security- Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP)Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP)- Increasing forest cover- Sustainable land management (SLM) program- Agricultural growth program
CAWT and Development policies of Ethiopia - have the potential to improve food crop productivity, foodhave the potential to improve food crop productivity, food
security and income of households through improvements in soil quality, moisture/water availability and feed/forage sources for livestock and b hibeehives.
Cont…CAWTCAWT
can improve food crop productivity, food security and income of households through improvements in soil quality, moisture/water
il bilit d f d/f f li t k d b hiavailability and feed/forage sources for livestock and beehives.
Cont…CAWTCAWT
can improve food crop productivity, food security and income of households through improvements in soil quality, moisture/water
il bilit d f d/f f li t k d b hiavailability and feed/forage sources for livestock and beehives.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
Concluding Remark/Way forwardThere are good practices of Conservation Agriculture With Trees in
Ethiopia although they vary from community to community in different parts of Ethiopia.
Conservation Agriculture With Trees has the potential to restore ecosystem while providing ecosystem service and mitigate climate hchange.
Food security (increasing food production in a sustainable way) can be ensured by increasing productivity of crops and soils through Conservation Agriculture With Trees (e.g., appropriate use of local agroforestry resources such as Faidherbia trees).agroforestry resources such as Faidherbia trees).
It is high time to scale-up Conservation Agriculture With Trees in the countrycountry.
Presented at the World Agro forestry Centre , Nairobi 12 August 2010
Organized by ICRAF-East Africa
A O !THANK YOU!
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