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FACT: Teaching and learningare rooted in and are dependent upon acommon languagebetween teacher andstudent.
NAEP Fourth Grade Reading Performance
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
African American
White Hispanic Asian ELL/LEP
22
54
20
74
8
36
26
34
14
29
4220
46
12
63
Texas2008-2009
Proficient/Advanced Basic Below Basic
Source: National Center for Educational Statistics
African American English (noun): a nonstandard form of American English characteristically spoken by some African Americans in the United States.
Transforming Views
Then
“Pupils were made to scuff at the Negro dialect as some peculiar possession of the Negro which they should despise, rather than directed to study the background of this language as a broken down African tongue”.-Carter G. Woodson, 1933
Now
African American English has evolved to the point of dispelling the myth that African Americans are incapable of mastering Standard English and bound to a “language of illiteracy” (Christensen, 2008).
Language 101:
Language in Communicative Context
• Pragmatics
Language as a Meaning System
• Semantics
Language as a Structured Rule-Governed System
• Syntax
• Morphology
• Phonology
The Development of AAE
Deficit Perspective
Different Theories
DialectologistsView
Creolist Hypothesis
EthnolinguisticTheory
vs.
Ethnolinguist View
• Bambara
• Ewe
• Fanta
• Fon
• Fula
• Hausa
• Igbo
• Ibibio
• Kimbundu
• Longo
• Mandinka
• Mende
• Twi
• Umbundu
• Wolof
• Yoruba
Source: Turner, Lorenzo “Africanisms In The Gullah Dialect” 1973
Characteristic Phonological Features of AAE
Phonological Variables
Standard English African American English
Consonant Cluster desk, test, cold des, tes, col
/th/ sound this or mouth dis or mouf
/r/ sound sister sista
Stressed Syllables police police
Historic African American Legislation
The 13th
Amendment of the United States Constitution
Brown v. Board of Education
Martin Luther King Junior Elementary School Children et al., v. Ann Arbor School District
Ebonics Resolution of Oakland California
Improved Academic Performance for
African American Students
Multicultural Instructional
Practices
Current Educational
Theory & Practice
Sociolinguistics
Culturally
Linguistically
Responsive
Instruction
Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Environments
Developing Multicultural Classrooms
Tailoring Instruction
Family Involvement
School Environment
Teacher Development
Teacher Development
Teacher Development
Focus on providing professionaldevelopment on practices thatsupport culturally andlinguistically diverse learners.
School Environment
School Environment
Focus on developing sharedresponsibility for educating students in an environmentthat is steeped in the additiveview of culture and language.
Family Involvement
Family Involvement
Focus on establishing opencommunication with studentsand their families.
Tailoring Instruction
Focus on teaching specific skills,reteaching them utilizing significantlydifferent instructional approaches,employing informal and formalmethods to assess individual students’strengths and weaknesses.
Tailoring Instruction
Developing Multicultural Classrooms
Developing Multicultural ClassroomsFocus on implementing
instruction that optimizesstudent achievement andpositively reinforcing culturalidentity.
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