View
82
Download
1
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Row crop seeding practices
Citation preview
ConservationSeeding Practices
John NowatzkiExtension Ag Machine Systems Specialist
History
Langdon Average Temp Increase 2°Since 1903
Growing Season 12 days longer
Air Seeder Principles and Functions
Basic Criteria for Effective SeedersOpener Design & Seed/Fertilizer
PlacementManaging Crop ResidueSoil DisturbanceDepth ControlVarying ConditionsPrecision Agriculture Energy Requirements
Channel Setting Instructions for ResponseCard RF
1. Press and release the "GO" or "CH" button.
2. While the light is flashing red and green, enter the 2 digit channel code (i.e. channel 1 = 01, channel 21 = 21).
Channel is 41
3. After the second digit is entered, Press and release the "GO" or "CH" button. The light should flash green to confirm.
4. Press and release the "1/A" button. The light should flash amber to confirm.
Where is Your Home Area?
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0000
1. North Dakota2. South Dakota3. Manitoba4. Saskatchewan5. Montana6. Other
What is your Occupation?
1 2 3 4
0 000
1. Farmer/Rancher2. Dealer Personnel3. Factory Personnel4. Other
Which crops do you grow?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0 0 0 000000
1. Barley2. Buckwheat3. Canola4. Corn5. Dry Edible Beans6. Field Peas7. Flax8. Lentils9. Millet10. Mustard
Which crops do you grow?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0 0 0 000000
1. Oats2. Potatoes3. Rye4. Safflower5. Soybeans6. Sugarbeets7. Sunflower8. Wheat, Durum9. Winter Wheat10. Other
What is your tillage system?
1 2 3 4 5
0 0 000
1. Intensive Tillage2. Minimum Tillage3. One-Pass System4. No Till5. Other
Basic Criteria for Effective Seeders
1. Precisely Meter Seeds2. Plant Seed at Uniform Depth3. Plant Through Residue4. Function in Varying Soil Types5. Durable6. Economical7. Correctly Place Fertilizer and Seed
Basic Criteria for Effective Seeders
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%0%
1. Precisely Meter Seeds2. Plant Seed at Uniform
Depth3. Plant Through Residue4. Function in Varying
Soil Types5. Durable6. Economical7. Correctly Place
Fertilizer and Seed8. Other
Factors Affecting Choice of Opener Type
• Soil Type and Conditions• Crop Residue
• Amount, Type, Position• Crops to Plant• Producer Management Goals
Factors Affecting Choice of Opener Type
High-disturbance
Low-disturbance
Opener Disturbance65% - STIR = 16.9
25% - STIR = 4.87
15% - STIR = 2.43
15% - STIR = 1.95
35% - STIR = 5.68
What Type of Opener do you use?
1 2 3 4
0 000
1. Disc Opener2. Hoe Opener3. Combination4. Other
Choice of Opener Type: Seed to Soil Contact
Water Transfer from Soil to Seed: The Role of Vapor Transport
Water Transfer from Soil to Seed: The Role of Vapor TransportStewart B. Wuest. USDA-ARS, Pendleton, OR
Vapor alone is sufficient to supply water for germination.
Choice of Opener Type: Seed to Soil Contact
Water Transfer from Soil to Seed: The Role of Vapor Transport
Water Transfer from Soil to Seed: The Role of Vapor TransportStewart B. Wuest. USDA-ARS, Pendleton, OR
Vapor alone is sufficient to supply water for germination.
Barley, pea, mustard, and wheat were tested for their ability to germinate rapidly with vapor alone.
Opener DesignProducer Management Goals: Hoe vs. Disc
Disc Openers – Leaves Residue Standing
• Slow Soil Warming (Cooling)• Maintains Soil Moisture
Hoe Openers – Mixes Residue into Soil
• Promotes Soil Warming and Drying
• Promotes Residue Decomposition
• Place Seed into Moist Soil
Opener DesignSeed and Fertilizer Placement
• Factors Affecting Amount of N with the Seed• Distance between Rows• Distribution of Seed and Fertilizer• Soil Texture, Soil pH• Soil Moisture• Fertilizer Placement • Type of Fertilizer • Crop
Greater risk of nitrogen toxicity in sandy soils than in clay soils
Opener DesignSeparate Fertilizer Placement Systems
Banding Fertilizer• Beside Seed• Below Seed
Mid-row Banding - FertilizerDouble Shooting Fertilizer
• Below and to Side of Seed
• Beside SeedBarton™ Double-shoot
Opener DesignSeparate Fertilizer Placement Systems
• 30 lb./acre of N - wheat• 10-20 lb./a of N - Canola
• Mid-row banding • P too far from the
plants to deliver a “starter” effect to young plants? Fertilizer banded more than a few inches
from the seed row may not be available to the plant until the tillering stage when crown roots develop (Washington State University)
Opener DesignPaired-row vs. Single Row Spacing
• Wheat Plant
Lateral spread - 5 inches
Depth – 6 inches
30 days after planting
Early fertilizer access improves tiller survival where soils have low nutrient levels.
Yield increases in wheat by banding below the seed compared to banded between seed rows.
Opener DesignPaired-row vs. Single Row Spacing
• Wheat Plant
Lateral spread - 5 inches
Depth – 6 inches
30 days after plantingPaired-row• Fertilizer band between wheat rows within
2” to 3” of each seed row• 2” below seed
Opener Design Preferences?
1 2 3 4 5 6
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Separate Fertilizer Placement
2. Starter Fertilizer with Seed
3. All Fertilizer with Seed4. Paired Row - Fertilizer
Between Rows5. Fertilizer Below Seed6. Other
Managing Crop Residue
• Residue is a Resource to Conserve and Use.• Limits Evaporation• Preserves Moisture• Maintains Humidity in Soil• Food for Beneficial Fungi,
Bacteria, Insects
Managing Crop Residue at Harvest Time• Spread Straw Uniformly• Harrows
• Incorporate Weeds Seeds• Increases Seed Longevity
• Disc Openers• Leave Tall Stubble
• How Opener – Shorter Stubble• Residue No Longer than Planter Row
Width
Managing Crop ResidueEffect of Corn Residue Placement on Wheat YieldResidue Placement Wheat Yield (bu/ac)
random coverage 73.80.25 inches away 75.40.50 inches away 73.10.75 inches away 75.01.25 inches away 72.0
Bare Soil 81.9
Residue Placement to Improve Yields of No-Tillage Winter Wheat Following Corn John H. Grove and Christopher E. Kiger, Agronomy Dept., Univ. of KY 1987
one
NDSU Residue Management Project Golden Valley
CountyStutsman County Cass County
Soil name Amor loam Barnes-Buse loam Glyndon silt loam Tillage System No-till (20+ years) No-till 10 years ConventionalCrop Rotation wheat-corn-pea-
wheatwheat-soybean-soybean-wheat-soybean-soybean-corn-dry bean-corn
sugarbeet-wheat-soybean or corn
• Started in 2010• Electronic Sensors• Data on Internet• Updated Daily
Stripper Header
one
NDSU Residue Management Project
• Tall Stubble – 24”• Medium Stubble – 12”• Short Stubble – 6”
NDSU Residue Management Project
Short
Medium
35 to 40% Standing
13% Standing
Tall
100% Standing
Data Transfer• Cellular Modem• Remote Computer calls Modem• FTP Data to NDSU Server Computer• Updated Data on Internet
http://www.ageng.ndsu.nodak.edu/farmmonitor
Residue Management Project - Winter
January 2011
Medium
Tall
Short
January 2011
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Average TemperaturesStutsman CountyDec. 1 - March 1
2011-12
Air Temperature Tall Stubble Temperature
Medium Stubble Temperature Short Stubble TemperatureAverage Temp 22°F Average Temp 29°F
Average Temp 29°F Average Temp 29°F
Crop Residue – Winter Temperature 2011-12
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Average TemperaturesCass County
Dec. 1 - March 12011-2012
Air Temperature Medium Stubble Temperature
Short Stubble Temperature Chisel Plowed Temperature
Ridge Tilled Temperature
Average 22°F Average 29°F
Average 27°F Average 28°FAverage 25°F
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Average TemperaturesGolden Valley County
Dec. 1 - March 12011-2012
Air Temperature Tall Stubble Temperature
Medium Stubble Temperature Short Stubble TemperatureAverage 24°F Average 28°F
Average 27°FAverage 27°F
SimilarSoil Temperatures
without Snow
Ridge TillColdest
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50Air Temperature Tall Stubble Temperature
Medium Stubble Temperature Short Stubble Temperature
Strip Till Temperature
Average 8°F
Average 32°F
Average 33°F
Average 30°F
Average 32°F
Average TemperaturesCass County
Dec. 1 - March 12010-2011
Crop Residue – Winter Temperature 2010-11
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Average TemperatureGolden Valley County
Dec. 1 - March 12010-2011
Air Temperature Tall Stubble Temperature
Medium Stubble Temperature Short Stubble TemperatureAverage 14°F Average 32°F
Average 31°F Average 26°F
12/1/10
12/5/10
12/9/10
12/13/10
12/17/10
12/21/10
12/25/10
12/29/10
1/2/11
1/6/11
1/10/11
1/14/11
1/18/11
1/22/11
1/26/11
1/30/11
2/3/11
2/7/11
2/11/11
2/15/11
2/19/11
2/23/11
2/27/11
3/3/11
3/7/11
3/11/11
3/15/11
3/19/11
3/23/11
3/27/11
3/31/11
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50Air Temperature Tall Stubble Temperature
Medium Stubble Temperature Short Stubble TemperatureAverage Temp 12°F Average Temp 32°F
Average Temp 32°F Average Temp 32°F
Average TemperaturesStutsman CountyDec. 1 – March 1
2010-2011
SimilarSoil Temperatures
with Snow
Crop Residue – Spring 2011 Soil Temperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Soil TemperatureGolden Valley County
April 1-302011
Tall Stubble Temperature Medium Stubble Temperature Short Stubble Temperature
Average 40 Average 41 Average 42
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Soil TemperaturesStutsman County
April 1-302011
Tall Stubble Temperature Medium Stubble Temperature Short Stubble Temperature Average 39 Average 42 Average 39
04/01/1
1
04/03/1
1
04/05/1
1
04/07/1
1
04/09/1
1
04/11/1
1
04/13/1
1
04/15/1
1
04/17/1
1
04/19/1
1
04/21/1
1
04/23/1
1
04/25/1
1
04/27/1
1
04/29/1
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Soil TemperaturesCass CountyApril 1-30
2011
Tall Stubble Temperature Medium Stubble TemperatureShort Stubble Temperature Strip Till Temperature
Average 42 Average 41
Average 40 Average 42
Soybeans
Sugarbeets
Prevent Plant
No Difference inTemperatures
Crop Residue – Spring 2011 Soil Moisture
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
Soil MoistureStutsman CountyApr. 1 - June 30
2011
Tall Stubble Moisture Medium Stubble Moisture Short Stubble Moisture
Average 32% VWC Average 31% VWC Average 30% VWC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Soil MoistureGolden Valley County
Apr. 1 - June 302011
Tall Stubble Moisture Medium Stubble Temperature Short Subble Moisture
Average 18% VWC Average 17% VWC Average 18% VWC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Soil MoistureCass County
Apr. 1 - June 302011
Tall Stubble Moisture Medium Stubble Moisture Short Stubble Moisture
Strip Till MoistureAverage 38% VWC
Average 46% VWC
Average 41% VWC
Average 34% VWC
Soybeans
Sugarbeets
Prevent Plant
Short StubbleDrier
Strip TillDrier
Similar
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
Soil MoistureStutsman CountyOct. 1 - Nov. 15
2011
Tall Stubble Moisture Medium Stubble MoistureShort Stubble Moisture
Crop Residue – Fall 2011 Soil Moisture
Average 33 % VWC Average 37 % VWC Average 37 % VWC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Soil MoistureCass County
Oct. 4 - Oct 222011
Medium Stubble Moisture Short stubble Moisture Chisel Plowed Moisture
Ridge Tilled MoistureAverage 26% VWC Average 33% VWC
Average 31% VWC Average 9% VWC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Soil MoistureGolden Valley County
Sept. 29 - Nov. 152011
Tall Stubble Moisture Medium Stubble Temperature Short Subble MoistureAverage 14% VWC Average 10% VWC Average 2% VWC
Tall isDriest
Ridge TillIs Driest
Tall isWettest
Tall isWettest
Equipment and Cost
• SolarStream Cellular Modem - $750• Cellular Service - $180/year• Data Logger - $500• Sensors
• Temperature $100• Moisture $140• Wind $240• Rainfall $400
Depth Control
• Influences Seedling Emergence and Yield
• Important Factors• Independent Pressure• Gauge Wheels• Shank Linkage• Castor Wheels
Accurate and controllable methods of depth placement are more important in small-seeded crops because seeds usually are planted shallower than in larger-seeded crops.
Depth ControlWHEAT PLANTING DEPTH STUDYJim Herbek, John James, and Dottie CallDept. of Agronomy, Univ. of KY. 2001
HOW PERFECT DO WHEAT STANDS NEED TO BE?Lloyd Murdock, Jim Herbek, John James, and Dottie Dept. of Agronomy, Univ. of KY. 2001
Effects of Skips on Wheat Yields• Method:
• Plants removed to make skips• Skips 6”, 12”, or 18” long
• Results:• Length of Skip – No Yield
Effect• No Yield Effect if:
• -10% Skip - all Varieties• -20% Skip -Tillering
Varieties
Depth Control
Varying Conditions
• No Openers Work as Well in Wet Soils• Compacts Soil• Buildup on Packer
Wheels• “Glazed” Furrow
Varying Conditions
• Flexible Frames• Parallel Linkage• Hydraulic Shanks
Soil Disturbance
• Disc Openers Cause Less Soil Disturbance• More Residue on Surface• Less Soil Temperature Change• Less Soil Erosion• Conserve Soil Moisture
Soil DisturbanceSoil disturbance and fuel consumption for various types of openers
Opener configuration Soil surface disturbance
STIR* factor
Fuel consumptionto seed one acre
(spacing in inches) % gallons/acre
Double disc (7-10) 65 6.33 0.34
D disc separate fertilizer opener (7-12) 85 13.8 0.43
Double disc – fluted coulters (7-10) 55 7.2 0.43
Double disc – narrow offset 25 4.9 0.32
D disc – very heavy direct seeding one pass 85 16.6 1.1
D disc – very heavy direct /row cleaners 90 17.5 1.3
Hoe in heavy residue (10-15) 65 16.9 0.74
Hoe (6-12) 90 23.4 0.74
Inverted tee,.e.g., cross-slot (7-10) 15 1.9 0.40
Single disc (7-10) 15 2.4 .035
S disc with separate fertilizer opener (7-10) 35 5.7 .048
one
Precision Agriculture Implications
Section Control on Air Seeders
• Seed/Fertilizer Placement• Depends on Seedbed Utilization• Increase Yield with Optimum Fertilizer
Placement• 30 lb. Nitrogen with Wheat Seed• Uniform Depth – Not as Critical
• Crop Residue • Standing Stubble Warms and Dries Earlier in
Spring• Bare Soil Warmer and Drier• Stubble Height
• No Influence on Winter Soil Temperature• Short Stubble – Drier Spring and Fall
Summary
• Planting Depth• 3”+ Reduces Wheat Yield• Depth Critical for Small-seeded Crops
• Effects of Skips on Yield• -10% Skip ok with Wheat
• Soil Disturbance and Energy Consumption• Hoe in heavy residue – 65% Disturbance,
0.74 gal/acre• Single disc – 15% Disturbance, 0.35 gal/acre
Summary
Planting Technology
Feeds the
World
1804 1 billion
1850 1.2 billion
1900 1.6 billion
1927 2 billion
1950 2.55 billion
1955 2.8 billion
1960 3 billion
1965 3.3 billion
1970 3.7 billion
1975 4 billion
1980 4.5 billion
1985 4.85 billion
1987 5 billion
1990 5.3 billion
1995 5.7 billion
1999 6 billion
2000 6.1 billion
2005 6.45 billion
2010 6.8 billion
2011 7 billion
Current World Population:7,029,599,952
Questions - Comments
Office 701-231-8213 Cell 701-261-9842
John.Nowatzki@ndsu.edu
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/agmachinery
Recommended