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General Provisions
• When determining load effects in members and connections of a structure with composite members consider effective sections at the time each increment of load is applied.
• Properties of the concrete and reinforcing steel are per ACI 318
• Available strength of members is from either plastic stress distribution or strain compatibility
• Tensile strength of concrete is assumed to be zero
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Plastic Stress Distribution
• Available strength assumes steel has hit yield stress in either tension or compression, and the concrete in compression is at 085 f’c
– This method is typically used for regular sections
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Strain compatibility method
• Linear strain distribution across the section is assumed.
• Maximum concrete compressive strain of 0.003 is used
• We use this method in Structures: Compressive
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Encased composite columns
• Cross-sectional area of steel must be at least 1% of total cross-section
• Concrete encasement must be reinforced with continuous longitudinal bars and lateral ties/spirals– Transverse reinforcement ≥ 0.009 in2/in
• Reinforcement ratio must be at least 0.004
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Available Compressive Strength• For axial load encased column, limit case of flexural buckling
– c = 0.75 and c = 2.00
– P0 = nominal elastic compressive strength without length effects (kips)
– As = area of steel section (in2)– Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars (in2)– Ac = area of concrete (in2)– y = yield strength of steel section (ksi)– yr = yield strength of reinforcement (ksi)– f’c = concrete compressive strength (ksi)
P0 Asy Asrsr 0.85Ac fc'
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Elastic buckling strength
• EIeff = effective rigidity of composite section (kip-in2)
• K = effective length factor• L = laterally unbraced length of the member (in)
Pe 2EIeffKL 2
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Effective rigidity
• Es = modulus of steel (ksi)
• Ec = modulus of concrete (ksi)
• Is = moment of inertia steel section (in4)
• Isr = moment of inertia reinforcement (in4)
• Ic = moment of inertia concrete (in4)
EIeff E sIs 0.5E sIsr C1EcIc
C1 0.12 As
Ac As
0.3
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Nominal compressive strength
• If Pe ≥ 0.44 P0
• Else (Pe < 0.44 P0)
Pn P0 0.658P0Pe
Pn 0.877Pe
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Shear Connectors
• It is necessary to ensure that load is transferred from the concrete to the steel
• Shear connectors accomplish this• Resist the shear force between the slab and
beam• Prevent separation of the slab from the beam
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Shear Connectors
• Stud connectors are the most common in U.S. – Short round steel bar, welded to the beam at one
end, with a head at the other end. – Diameter from 1⁄2 in. to 1 in. and lengths from 2 to 8
in. – The ratio of the length to diameter ≥ 4.– Most commonly used sizes are 3⁄4 in. or 7/8 in. dia.
• Head diameter is 1⁄2 in. larger than stud and the head thickness is 3/8 in. or 1⁄2 in.
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Shear studs
• ASTM-A108, AISI Grades C1010, C1015, C1017 or C1020 cold-drawn steel with a minimum tensile strength of 60 ksi and a minimum elongation of 20%– specified in the AWS Structural Welding Code D1.1-75.
• To prevent premature failure of studs because of tearing of base metal, the size of a stud not located over the beam web is limited to 2 1⁄2 times the flange thickness.
• The strength of stud connectors increases with stud length up to a length of about four diameters and remains approximately constant for greater lengths
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Equivalent shear force
• V’ = required shear force• When external force is applied to the steel
section
• When external force is applied to the concrete encasement
V 'V 1 AsyP0
V 'VAsyP0
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Distribution
• Shear connectors that can hold the required V’ must be distributed along the length for at least 2.5 times the depth of the encased column above and below the applied load
• Maximum spacing is 16”• Connectors must be on at least 2 faces,
symmetrically
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Shear Connectors
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Additional issues
• At least four longitudinal bars must be used.• Transverse reinforcement must be spaced at
the lesser of– 16 longitudinal bar diameters– 48 tie bar diameters– Half of the least dimension of the composite
section
• At least 1.5 inches of clear cover is required
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Built-up Composite columns
• If the steel section is built from two or more encased steel shapes, the shapes must be interconnected– Lacing– Tie plates– Batten plates– Etc
• To prevent buckling of individual shapes
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Shear strength of a connector
• Asc = cross-sectional area of stud (in2)
• Ec = modulus of concrete (ksi)
• u = tensile strength of connector (ksi)
Qn 0.5Asc fc'E c Ascu
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Girder
Floor beam
L
S
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Effective width
b
Yc
tw
tf
bf
tc
hr
d
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Shear Connectors Concrete Slab Ribbed steel deck
Steel section
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