Brief guide to referencing

Ahmed ZeeneldinProf of Medical Oncology

March, 2014“How to write a protocol” workshop

ñô Why to reference?ô Itemsñ Citation تنویھ-استشھادñ References مراجعñ Bibliography مصادر-مراجعñ Direct quotations “اقتباسات مباشرة”ñ Paraphrasing صیاغةإعادة

ô Categories of Referencing stylesñ Alphabetical (author and date)ñ Numbered

ô Referencing styleô Referencing software

Agenda

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ñôAuthorize to your work, strengthens your argument

and demonstrates the breadth of your research.ôGive credit to original authorsô Enable the reader to find and verify your sources of

information.ôAvoid being accused for Plagiarism

Why should you reference?

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ñCitation and reference

CitationBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaabet al., 2012).

Reference listAbdelwahaab A (2012) …….Zeeneldin A (2013)…………

CitationBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2].

Reference list1. Zeeneldin A …………2. Abdelwahaab A ……..

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ñ

Categories of Referencing styles

AlphabeticalBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaabet al., 2012).

Reference listAbdelwahaab A (2012) …….Zeeneldin A (2013)…………

NumberedBreast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2].

Reference list1. Zeeneldin A …………2. Abdelwahaab A ……..

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ñô Alphabetical (author and date):ñ Used in Thesesñ In-text citations mention author last name and yearñ References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically

in an ascending order. No numbersô Numbered:ñ Used in articlesñ In-text citations mention the reference number only ñ References are arranged in the reference list numerically in

an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text.

Categories of Referencing styles

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ñArtificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men (Minsky, 1968) (Minsky & Sriver, 1968) (Minsky et al., 1968).

According to Striver (2001 p 20) “all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation” (Striver, 2001 p20)

Citing within the text(alphabetical)

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ñôRulesñ include the author’s surname and the year of

publication and also any page numbers if you are quoting from a specific page

ñ If more than 2[3] authors, give only the first authors surname and initials followed by et al.

ñ If you state the authors name within your work then just include the date of publication to indicate the work being cited

Citing within the text(alphabetical)

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ñArtificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men [1].

According to Striver (2001) “all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation” [2].

Citing within the text(numbered)

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ñôAlphabetical (author and date):ñ References are arranged in the reference list

alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers

ôNumbered:ñ References are arranged in the reference numerically

in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text.

Bibliography(reference list)

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ñôAlphabetical (author and date):ñ References are arranged in the reference list

alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers

ôZeeneldin A (2006).......ôZeeneldin A (2007a).......ôZeeneldin A (2007b).......ôZeeneldin A, Taha F (2006)......ôZeeneldin A, Taha F, .........., Monir M (2006).......ôZeeneldin A, Taha F, Monir M, et al. (2006).......

Bibliography(reference list)

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ñôWho: ôWhat: ôWhere:ôWhen:

Essential components

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ñôWho: Zeeneldin AôWhat: Breast cancer in Elderly EgyptiansôWhere: JENCI 13(7):23-29ôWhen: 2012

Essential components

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ñWho AuthorsWhat Title (article, book, book chapter,

thesis)Where Journal, book, website, thesis. Exact

numberswhen Year of publication

Essential components

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ñôWho: Authorsñ Surname, initials (Zeeneldin, A [AA])ñ List all authors without ANDô Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, Moneer M,

Mohamed DB, Gouda I, Attia AA.ñ List some followed by et al.ô 6: 5 et al.ô 4: 3 et al.ô Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, et al.

Essential components

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ñôWhat: titleñ Title of an articleñ Bookñ Book chapterñ Websiteñ Thesisñ Other

Essential components

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ñ

Essential componentsWhere

ôArticle: ñ journal title

(abbreviated e.g. NEJM).

ñ Volume and issueñ Page numbers

ôWebsite:ñ [Online]. Available at:

www…….ñ (Accessed 20 Nov

2013)

ô Book:ñ Edition number if not

first (2nd ed.)ñ Publisherñ Cityñ Pages

ô Book chapterñ In: book authors (eds.)ñ Rest as the book

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ñô Who: Zeeneldin Aô What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptiansô Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29ô When: 2012

- Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. 2012

- Zeeneldin, A (2012). Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29.

- Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 2012; 13(7):23-29.

Essential componentswhen: year

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ñô Book:ñ Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. (2005)

Fundamentals of physics. 7th ed. New York: Wiley. pp20-50.

ô Book chapter:ñ Murray, A.P. (1999) Fundamental equations of

surface theory. In: Ledermann, W. & Vajda, S. (eds.) Combinatorics and geometry. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 23-66.

Examples

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ñôArticle: ñ Kim, H.S. (2007) ‘A new model for communicative

effectiveness of science’. Science Communication, 28(3), pp. 287-313.

ôWebpage:ñ Allen, S. (2007). Referencing: a guide for University of

Liverpool online students [Online]. Available from http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm(Accessed 15 August 2007).

Examples

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ñô Thesisñ McDonald, L.R. (2005) Assessment of body

composition using magnetic resonance imaging. Ph.D. thesis. University of Liverpool.

Examples

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ñôAlphabetical:ñ Harvardñ -ñ -

ôNumberedñ Vancouverñ -ñ -

Reference style

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ñô EndnoteôRef managerôRef worksô -ô -ô -

Referencing software

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ñ

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ñThank YOU

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