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Animal Organ Systems
Anatomy and Physiology
Fundamentals of Life
All living things are made up of cells.Cells are the most basic structure of life.Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and
water to survive.
Natural Hierarchy
Cells are the most basic and simple. Cells that are all alike work together to form
tissues which perform tasks. Tissues that are alike work together to form
organs which complete jobs. Organs work together in organ systems to
carry out processes. Organ systems work together to support the
life of an organism.
How do we study animals?
We look at the outside of them – the outer physical structures.
We look inside of dead animals – the internal physical structures.
We look at the tissues under a microscope – microscopic structures.
We study the chemical reactions between cells, tissues, and organs.
Anatomy
The study of the form, shape, and appearance of an animal – its structures both internal and external.Gross anatomy is the study of the
structures – internal and external – that we can see with the naked eye.
Microscopic anatomy is the structures that can only be seen under magnification
Physiology
The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the animal.
BiochemistryHow cells, tissues and organs work
together to complete a task…digestion.
Why study anatomy and physiology?
Efficient production of livestock requires understanding the anatomy and physiology related to Production. Production is muscle gain, milk or egg production,
and hair or wool production.
Raising animals requires an understanding of the requires needed for animal wellbeing. Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that their
basic needs are met and they do not suffer.
Mammals vs Non-mammals
Most of our livestock are mammals. i.e. – vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to
live young, produces milk, & maintains constant body temperature.
Cattle, horses, pigs, goats & sheep, etc.Exceptions are poultry & aquacrops.
Poultry – birds – ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc.Aquacrops – fish, shrimp, etc.
Organ Systems
SkeletalMuscularNervousCirculatoryRespiratory
ExcretoryDigestiveEndocrineIntegumentaryReproductive
Skeletal
Bones 50% water, 26% minerals (Ca & P),
20% protein, 4% fat Core is soft and spongy – called marrow
Marrow makes new red blood cells for body. Cartilage
Soft, tough tissue found between bones that cushions joints
Ligaments Long stretchy tissue that holds joints
together
Skeletal
Gives structure and support
Protects internal organs
Makes locomotion/movement possible
Muscular
Muscles Fibrous cells that are design to contract and relax in
pairs Voluntary – under the organisms conscious control –
triceps Involuntary – automatically move to regulate body
functions – heart and diaphragm Tendons
Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles to bones.
Muscles pull against bone when they contract which causes movement.
Muscular
Primary function is movement.External & internal
Also protect delicate organsMuscles make up about half our
livestock animals’ weight.Muscles are the meat of the animal.Composed mostly of protien.
A=Rhomboideus capitisB=SpleniusC=Levator scapulae ventralisD=SupraspinatusE=InfraspinatusF=Teres majorG=Serratus dorsalisH=Longissimus dorsiI=Multifidae spinaeJ=ClavotrapeziusK=ClavobrachialisL=AcromiodeltoidM=SpinodeltoidN=AcromiotrapeziusO=SpinotrapeziusP=Spinalis dorsalisQ=Latissimus dorsiR=Rhomboideus
Nervous
BrainSoft tissues that coordinates
all aspects of animal functionSpinal Cord
Main “highway” for nerve impulses to travel from brain to rest of body
NervesBranch out and reach rest of
body
Nervous
Uses electrical impulses to send messages from brain throughout body.
Controls activity, learning, memoryCentral Nervous System and Peripheral
Nervous System
Circulatory
HeartTechnically a musclePumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves
ArteriesCarry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart
to tissuesVeins
Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart.
Circulatory
BloodPlasma
Liquid part of blood red blood cells
Carries O2 and carbohydrates (glucose)white blood cells
Fights pathogensPlatelets
Makes blood clot
Circulatory
Also includes the Lymph GlandsSecrete disease fighting materials
Moves materials throughout the body
Respiratory
Nose External opening of the body
Pharynx & Larynx Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea Larynx is the “voice box”
Trachea Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with lungs
Lungs “bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air
and expel old air
Respiratory
Function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide.
Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in the alveoli.
Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of the diaphragm.
Excretory
Also referred to as the urinary system.Kidneys
Remove waste materials from bloodBladder
Holds liquid wastes - urineUreters
Connect bladder to urethraUrethra
Empties urine to the exterior of the animal
Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, anus
Breaks down food into usable energyRemoves unusable food from body
Endocrine
Ductless glands in the bodyhypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, liver,
thyroid, adrenalSecrete hormones that chemically
regulate certain functions of the bodyPlay a large role in reproduction,
digestion, growth, etc.
Integumentary
Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etcKeeps out pathogens, regulates body
temp, gives shape and color, protects internal organs
System made almost entirely out of proteinAnimal skin is called the hide
Most animal hides made into leather
Reproductive System
Most complex system in animalsAllows for reproduction of animals and
the continuation of the speciesDifferent structures between male and
femaleMost animals fundamentally have the
same system, just varies in structure between species.
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