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PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH: REVIEW
Week 2, Part 2
Today
1. Quiz preparation2. Parts of the paragraph: the 4-Fs3. Really really fun group exercise
Word of the Day
Inchoate
Something that is in the beginning stages/disorganized
“The inchoate essay was actually only a draft.”
Punctuation
Commas Colons Semi-colons Hyphens Brackets Quotations
Semi-Colon
Treated as a period (full-stop power) Treated as a spice Don’t be fooled by its wink ;
Semi-Colon
Separates closely related independent clauses that are not joined by a co-con.
Examples Injustice is relatively easy to bear; what
stings is justice. When I was a boy, I was told that anybody
could become president; I’m beginning to believe it.
Semi-colon
Used for lists in which each item already has punctuation attached.
Example Classic science fiction sagas are Star Trek,
with Mr. Spock and his large pointed ears; Battlestar Gallactica, with its Cylon Raiders; and Star Wars, with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader.
Colon
Use before a list or a quote ONLY if what begins is a full sentence.
Examples A good rice pudding should include the following:
cardamom, cinnamon, and basmati rice. My roommate is guilty of two of the seven sins:
gluttony and sloth. Consider the words of 50 cent: “If they hate, then
let them hate, and watch the money pile up.”
Colon
Used to separate two independent clauses if one explains the first.
Examples: Faith is like love: It cannot be forced.
When not to use a colon
Before a list with a dependent clause before it.
Examples: My favourite desserts are: pies, cakes, and
waffles. The play consists of: drama, suspense, and
comedy.
Quiz: Next Class
Comma splices Semi-colons Colons Commas
Paragraph: Mechanics
Is 6-12 sentences long—easy reading.
Begins with a topic sentence Is indented Expresses ONE idea Includes a transition Is packed with vivid detail
The Perfect Paragraph
Topic Sentence
Topic Sentence
Point #3
Point #3
Point #2
Point #2
Point #1
Point #1
Concluding Sentence to Summarize and
Transition
Concluding Sentence to Summarize and
Transition
Frank D’Angelo: Topic Sentence Scholar
“Readers will recall more of what they have read and will read more efficiently (i.e. read faster) than they would if writers presented the same information in a less organized and random fashion.”
4-F Test
Focus Fine Points Flow Finality
Focus: The Topic Sentence
Is like a sequel in a movie. Looks in two directions: backwards (to the
thesis) and forwards (to the body of the paragraph).
Focus: Topic Sentence
States not just a fact, but makes a claim. Is a promise to the reader: test that each
sentence holds that promise. Has a danger of being too broad or too
narrow.
Dangerous Topic Sentences
Broad Government should be investing in
alternative energy sources.Narrow Switchgrass on the Canadian prairies is a
useful source of ethanol.
Topic Becomes a Topic Sentence
Television programming
Commercial TV programming for children is more interested in selling products than entertaining or educating young viewers.
Fine Points—Details! Supporting details Evidence Examples Justifications Proof Anecdotes Examples Illustrations Analogies First-hand studies (stats and facts) Second-hand studies (journal articles)
Linking Focus and Finer Points Three reasons why having a sibling is
important.
Three reasons why you should get an A in this course.
Jon and Kate Plus 8 is exploitative for these three reasons.
Flow
Comes from how your ideas are arranged: pages 90-93
Topic sentence-to-details
Details-to-topic sentence
Topic-sentence-surrounded by details
Flow: Transitions: Adding ideas Also Finally As well as Too In addition Moreover Furthermore Another Again
Further First,
second …
Transitions: Showing Time
Later As soon
as Until First, last Until While Soon
Now Eventually To begin
with Afterwards Meanwhile During
Transitions: Showing Contrast But In contrast However Yet Despite Although On the other
hand
Even though Otherwise Conversely
Transitions: Showing Similarity Both Each Likewise Like Similarly Also Compared to
Transitions: Showing Cause and Effect As a result Consequently Therefore Thus Accordingly So To conclude
Hence For this
reason Then
List of Transitions
http://maclife.mcmaster.ca/CSD/accesstomac/images/common.pdf
Finality
Is the concluding sentence Restates the main point of the paragraph Transitions into the next paragraph.
Example of 4-F Paragraph
Watching the news before going to sleep can cause sleep disturbance or insomnia. The late-news is often filled with depressing events. As a result, an individual is put into a kind of stage of alert. Images, sounds, or phrases may remain in a person’s immediate consciousness, and therefore may plague the person as he or she tries to settle down and relax. Consequently, overstimulation and restlessness follow. Thus, a person becomes centred on worry and stress. Accordingly, the person becomes aroused rather than calmed into a state of sleep, so late-night news watching is not recommended.
Example of a 0-F Paragraph
Sports and fitness trends are related to what John Kelly, a University of Illinois sociologist, calls “the Olympic effect.” Since the Olympic Games get such an abundance of media coverage and promotion, adult viewers tend to participate more just before, during, and immediately after the Olympics. The Olympics occur every four years. After the Olympic flurry is over, participation in sports and fitness activities tends to spiral downward again, according to Dr. Kelly. However, casino gambling have increased since 2004.
Summaries
Present tense Article name/author/ thesis Main points (eg subheadings) Main points even at end of article Editing Ideas/details “According to the article . . . ”
Lottery Time!
Blogged Exercise
Part 1: generate a list of topics
Blogged Exercise
Part 2: pick one topic and narrow it
Blogged Exercise
Part 4: turn this narrow topic into a topic sentence
Blogged Exercise
Part 5: list 3-4 vivid details that support the topic sentence
Blogged Exercise
Part 6: choose the best order: Topic sentence-to-details Details-to-topic sentence Topic-sentence-surrounded by details
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