2010 Coherence Conference - James Oschman

Biological Coherence

James L. Oschman, Ph.D.

Nature’s Own Research AssociationDover, New Hampshire

USAwww.energyresearch.us

We begin with the Bose–Einstein condensate, a state of matter first predicted by S. N. Bose

and Albert Einstein in 1924–25.

Satyendra Nath Bose Albert Einstein

Bose was an Indian mathematician and physicist who wrote a paper in 1924

describing a statistical theory for light.

Bose SN, 1924. Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese. (Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta). Zeitschrift für

Physik 26:178-181)

Bose and Einstein collaborated to develop a mathematics called Bose-Einstein statistics, that describes the gas-like qualities of both

electromagnetic radiation (light) and collections of coherent electrons or atoms.

Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics apply under conditions

when quantum effects are important and the particles

become "indistinguishable".

There are two main categories of indistinguishable particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions,

which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of

bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, and helium-4 atoms. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons and

neutrons, and helium-3 atoms.

The Bose-Einstein condensate is a dense collection of bosons, which are elementary

particles or atoms with integer spin, named after Bose.

The theory describes the behavior of a group of particles in the same energetic state and

accounts for the cohesive streaming of laser light and other quantum phenomena.

Interest in this subject began to take off in the mid 1990’s. Here we see the annual number of published

papers (as of 2001), which have the words “Bose” and “Einstein” in their title, abstracts or keywords.

From the 2001 Nobel Lecture of Wolfgang Ketterle.

Seventy years after the proposal by Bose and Einstein, the first gaseous condensate was produced by Cornell

and Wieman in 1995 at the University of Colorado using a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvin. For

their achievements Cornell, Wieman, and Wolfgang Ketterle received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman

WHEN ATOMS BEHAVE AS WAVES: BOSE-EINSTEINCONDENSATION AND THE ATOM LASER

Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2001by

WOLFGANG KETTERLE

Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms,

and ResearchLaboratory of Electronics,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,Massachusetts, 02139, USA.

The MIT atom laser operating at 200 Hz. Pulses of coherent sodium atoms are

coupled out from a Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a magnetic trap

(field of view 2.5 x 5.0 mm2). Every 5 ms, a short rf pulse transferred a fraction of

these atoms into an unconfined quantum state. These atoms were accelerated

downward by gravity and spread out due to repulsive interactions. Each pulse

contained between 105 and 106 atoms.

A Bose-Einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external field and cooled to temperatures

very near to absolute zero. Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state. Quantum effects become apparent

on a macroscopic scale.

One of the leading theorists in the field of superconduction, Herbert Fröhlich, demonstrated that Bose-Einstein

condensation can take place in living tissues at body temperatures and

pressures because of the high degree of order or crystallinity.

Fröhlich’s initial focus was on the cell membrane, which is composed of an array of

phospholipid molecules, and which has an enormous electrical potential across it,

amounting to some millions of volts per meter.

In 2000, I pointed out that the conditions for biological coherence exist in a variety of tissues in animals. These tissues constitute the

bulk of the animal body.

Oschman, J.L., 2000. Energy Medicine: the scientific basis. Churchill Livningston/Harcourt Brace, Edinburgh.

Muscle connective cell membranes water tissues

Mae-Wan Ho and her colleagues in England identified a variety of

biological liquid crystals in certain cellular and tissue components.

Liquid crystalsLiquid crystallinity gives organisms their characteristic flexibility, exquisite

sensitivity and responsiveness, and optimizes the rapid noiseless intercommunication that enables the organism to function as a coherent

coordinated whole.

Ho, M-W., 1997. Quantum coherence and conscious experience. Kybernetes 26, 265-276, 1997.

Muscle connective cell membranes water tissues

http://i-sis.org/

When a gas consisting of uncoordinated atoms turns into a Bose-Einstein condensate, it is like when the various instruments of an orchestra with their different tones and timbres, after warming up individually, all join in the same

tone.

~Svanberg, S., 2001. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 presentation speech.

1994

PO Box 1935Dover, NH 03821

Electromechanical oscillators can become resonantly coupled together through coherent sound, light, matter and other emissions to form extended Fröhlich systems.

The quantum aspects of such coupling in biological systems were discussed by Avery, Bay and Szent-

Györgyi in 1961.

Avery, J., Bay, Z., and Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 1961. On the energy transfer in biological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 47:1742-1744.

Avery, Bay and Szent-Györgyi discussed two different mechanisms for energy transfer, an individual resonant transfer and a collective transfer in which the energy is delocalized, meaning that it behaves more like a wave

than a particle.

The circles represent an aggregate of molecules receiving a quantum of energy, with one

molecule in the aggregate labeled “m” close to another molecule or molecular aggregate

labeled “S” (representing an energy sink) that will use the absorbed quantum of energy.

The circles represent an aggregate of molecules receiving a quantum of energy, with one

molecule in the aggregate labeled “m” close to another molecule or molecular aggregate

labeled “S” (representing an energy sink) that will use the absorbed quantum of energy.

These concepts apply to the chloroplast of the green plant. Photons from the sun impart their energy to

chlorophyll molecules. The energy is handed from one chlorophyll molecule to another until the energy either

reaches a reaction center, where the energy is passed on to the metabolic processes that trap the energy in

starch, or is radiated back into space.

Ho used this diagram to show the way energy and information can cycle through living systems. Organisms can take advantage

of a complete spectrum of coupled cycles, storing and mobilizing energy and information using many different kinds of efficient

transfers.

Energy and information input into any of the body’s systems can be readily delocalized over all systems; conversely energy and information from all

systems can become concentrated into any single system. Energy coupling in living systems is symmetrical, which is why we can have energy at will,

whenever and wherever required. Ho, M.-W., 1996. The biology of free will.

Journal of Consciousness Studies 3:231-244.

myofascia

cartilage

tendon

ligament

superficialfascia

The many-fold cycles of life coupled to energy and information flows in the connective tissue-musculoskeletal domains.

bone

muscles

collagenarray in

connectivetissue

actin andmyosin array in muscle

nuclear matrix

neurotubules

centriol

cilia: sensation

cytoskeleton

The many-fold cycles of life coupled to energy and information flows in the cellular and neural domains.

DNA

cell membranes

muscles

organs

skin

nervous system

connectivetissues

The many-fold cycles of life coupled to energy and information flows in the aqueous domains.

DNA

cells

The mechanisms involved in such efficient coupling have now been documented by the Fleming group at the University of

California, Berkeley:

This wavelike characteristic of the energy transfer within the photosynthetic complex can explain its

extreme efficiency, in that it allows the complexes to sample vast areas of phase space to find the most

efficient path.

Engel, G.S., Calhoun, R.R., Read, E.L., Ahn, T-K, et al, 2007. Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum

coherence in photosynthetic systems. Nature 446:782-786.

The next step will be to describe how these concepts can be used to explain wave-like electron transport

taking place in the mitochondrion of the animal cell.

mitochondrion electron transport chain

Biological Coherence

James L. Oschman, Ph.D.

Nature’s Own Research AssociationDover, New Hampshire

USAwww.energyresearch.us