01 hap anatomical terms

Scope of Anatomy and Physiology 

Definition of various terms used in Anatomy

ANATOMYis the science of body structures

and the relationship among structures

PHYSIOLOGYis the science of body functions

– how body works

LEVELS OF BODY ORGANISATION

• Chemical Level• Cellular Level• Tissue Level• Organ Level• System Level• Organism Level

CHARACTERSTICS OF LIFE

• Metabolism• Responsiveness• Movement• Growth• Differentiation• Reproduction

BODY POSITIONS• Description of any region or part of

humans body assume that it is in a specific stance, called anatomical position

• Supine

• Prone

Anatomical Planes• Plane:-Imaginary flat surface that passes through the

body or body part• Sagittal Plane-is the vertical plane that divides boy or

organ into right and left sides.• When such a plane passes through the midline of body

or organ and divides into equal right and left sides, it is called midsagittal plane.

• Frontal/Coronal Plane-Plane divides body or organ into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions

• Transverse Plane-Plane divides body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

• Sagittal, frontal and transverse planes are right angles to one another.

Directional Terms• Directional term describe the position of one

body part relative to another.• Superior-Toward the head or upper part of the

structure• Inferior-Away from head or lower part of the

structure• Anterior-Nearer to or at the front of body• Posterior-Nearer to at the back of body• Medial-Nearer to midline• Lateral-Farther from midline

Directional Terms• Intermediate-between two structures• Ipsilateral-On the same side of the body as

another structure• Contralateral-On the opposite side of the body

from another structure• Proximal-Nearer to the attachment of a limb to

the trunk; nearer to the origination of structure• Distal- Farther from attachment of a limb to the

trunk; farther from the origination of structure

Surface Anatomy

• Study of anatomical landmarks on the surface of boy through visualization and palpation

Body Cavities

• Body cavities are spaces that help protect, separate and support internal organs.

• Major cavities of body-Dorsal and Ventral body cavity

• DORSAL BODY CAVITY-• Located near posterior surface of body• It has 2 subdivisions: Cranial Cavity and

Vertebral Canal

Cranial CavityThe cranial cavity contains the brain, and its boundaries are formed by the bones of the skull Anteriorly —1 frontal boneLaterally — 2 temporal bonesPosteriorly — 1 occipital boneSuperiorly — 2 parietal bonesInferiorly — 1 sphenoid and 1 ethmoid bone and parts of the frontal, temporal and occipitalbones.

Vertebral Canal- formed by vertebrae and contains Spinal Cord

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

• It is located on the anterior aspect of the body

• It has 2 subdivisions:Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Diaphragm-separates these two cavities• Organs inside ventral body cavity are

termed “Viscera”

Thoracic Cavity• Ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum and

thoracic portion of vertebral column form thoracic cavity

• It contains pleural, pericardial cavities and mediastinum

• Each Pleural cavity surrounds one lung• Pericardial cavity surrounds heart• Mediastinum contains thymus, esophagus,

trachea and several large blood vessels

Abdominopelvic cavity• Formed by abdominal muscle wall and

bones & muscles of the pelvis• Superior portion-Abdominal cavity: it

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine and most of large intestine

• Inferior portion-Pelvic cavity: it contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine and internal organs of reproduction

Abdominal cavity• This is the largest cavity in the body and is oval in

shape . It is situated in the main part of the trunk and its boundaries are:

• Superiorly — the diaphragm, which separates it from the thoracic cavity

• Anteriorly — the muscles forming the anterior abdominal wall

• Posteriorly —the lumbar vertebrae and muscles forming the posterior abdominal wall

• Laterally — the lower ribs and parts of the muscles of the abdominal wall

• Inferiorly — the pelvic cavity with which it is continuous.

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS• Abdominopelvic cavity divided into nine

compartments by 2 horizontal and 2 vertical lines

• Horizontal lines:• Subcoastal line-drawn just inferior to

ribcage, across inferior portion of stomach• Transtubercular line-drawn just inferior to

top of hip bones• Vertical lines:• Left and Right Midclavicular lines-drawn

through the midpoints of clavicles.

Names of ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS:

Pelvic Cavity• The pelvic cavity is roughly funnel shaped and

extends• from the lower end of the abdominal cavity.• The boundaries are:• Superiorly — it is continuous with the abdominal• cavity• Anteriorly — the pubic bones• Posteriorly — the sacrum and coccyx• Laterally — the innominate bones• Inferiorly — the muscles of the pelvic floor.

Female reproductive organs and other structures in the pelvic cavity.

Male reproductive organs and other structures in the pelvic cavity.

REFERENCE LINES• On Anterior

1-Midsternal Line2-Midclavicular Line3-Anterior Axillary Line

• On Posterior4-Vertebral Line5-Scapular line6-Posterior Scapular line

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