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1 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Children Workingon the Street
Yoshie NOGUCHI,
Senior legal officer, IPEC
2 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
ContentsContents
1. Children “working” on the street
2. General overview on child labour
3. What is child labour (CL), and its worst forms (WFCL)?
4. Challenges/lessons in addressing CL and WFCL on the street
5. Data collection: CL on the street
6. Eliminating WFCL by 2016 !
3 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Children “Working” on the streetChildren “Working” on the streetEconomic activities
selling small objects, shoe-shining, portering
Sexual exploitation (prostitution)Illicit activities
scavenging, begging
Criminal acts drug dealing, pick-pocketing
4 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Child labour statisticsChild labour statistics
215 million in child labour, globally
115 million of these children in hazardous work
5 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
ILO Global Report 2010ILO Global Report 2010
Child labour continues to decline, [3% decline between 2004-2008] but more modestly than previously
[10% decline between 2000-2004]On present trends, the goal of
eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016 will not be reached
6 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Different trends: girls and boysDifferent trends: girls and boys
Fewer girls are now in child labour. declined by 15%.
Worrying trend for boys Increase by 20%
among older boys (15-17)in hazardous work
7 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Regional trendsRegional trends
Asia and Pacific – significant reduction down to 96m (14.8 % of children)
Latin America and Caribbean – slight reduction down to 10m (9%)
Sub Saharan Africa – further increase to 58m (28.4%)
No separate figure for Europe or developed countries – lack of surveys
8 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
CRC and child labourCRC and child labourThe right to be protected from
economic exploitation (§32) = the protection from child labour (ILS)
The right to education, health …Non-discriminationTwo issues under the Op Protocols
(sexual exploitation, armed conflict)= Worst Forms of Child Labour
9 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
What is Child Labour?What is Child Labour?Child labour to be eliminated =Worst Forms of Child Labour (C182)
andWork done by a child below the
minimum age for that kind of work(specified by national law, in line with C138 and CRC article 32(2))
See: UN SG Report to GA 2009 [A/64/127]
10 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
What is child labour?What is child labour?
Work that is NOT hazardous or other WFCL
Hazardous work or other WFCL
Children above the minimum age but below 18y
4 2Children below the minimum working age
3 1
18y
14/15/16
11 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Worst Forms of Child LabourWorst Forms of Child Labour
a)a) Children in slavery, forced or Children in slavery, forced or compulsory labour, child traffickingcompulsory labour, child trafficking
Including debt bondage, forced Including debt bondage, forced recruitment for use in armed conflictrecruitment for use in armed conflict
b)b) Children used in prostitution and Children used in prostitution and pornographypornography
c)c) Children used in illicit activitiesChildren used in illicit activitiesd)d) Children in hazardous workChildren in hazardous workSee : ILO C182, Article 3See : ILO C182, Article 3
12 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
C 182: coverageC 182: coverage
All sectors of economic activitywithout any exception
Girls and boys under 18 yearsSpecial attention for most vulnerable
e.g. minorities, girls, very young, and on the street !
Worst forms of child labour as urgent priority target for action
13 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Child labour and its worst forms on the street
Child labour and its worst forms on the street
a) Forced labour, including in begging, child trafficking
b) Sexual exploitationc) The use of children in illicit
activities or crime (e.g. drugs) d) hazardous work
= “work likely to jeopardize/harm a child’s health, safety or morals”
14 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Challenges in addressing child labour on the streetChallenges in addressing child labour on the street
Outside the scope of “child labour” legislation- absence of an employer, or formal relation- not considered in the “hazardous work” list
The children may be perceived as delinquents rather than victims of WFCL
Interest in / access to education ? “Decent Work” prospect for these children ? Social protection measures may focus adults
or families: e.g. Cash Transfer, income support Maybe lacking ID, birth certificate, legal status...
15 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Some good practice examplesSome good practice examples Listing “street vending” among the hazardous
work and prohibit for children (Lebanon) Comprehensive rehabilitation for girls on the
street and/or at risk of sexual exploitation (Russian Federation)
Mobile schools: facilitating the transition from street to school (Romania)
Mobilizing public action by raising awareness among teachers and students (Paraguay) – SCREAM (Supporting Children’s Rights through Education, the Arts and the Media) methods
16 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Some lessons learnedSome lessons learned Clearly define “what is not acceptable” in labour,
criminal, or children’s rights or other laws; Consider and address difficulties of enforcement Raise awareness among stakeholders of the specific
risks [of working street girls]; thus help raise the issue higher on the political agenda
Gradually prepare the children for social / family integration
Involve government entities from the beginning, giving them ownership
Mobilize children and young people; conveying the message to the public (families, community and institutions) and also the business community
Respect and adapt to the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of each country and each community
17 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Child labour statisticsChild labour statistics
SIMPOC* (Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour) help countries in :
household-based surveys,establishment-based surveys,baseline surveys, and rapid assessments [* www.ilo.org/ipec/ChildlabourstatisticsSIMPOC ]
18 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Child labour statistics (2)Child labour statistics (2)
Need to develop methodologiesNeed to define concepts for
statistical operation < legal definitionsResolution by the 18th International
Conference of Labour Statisticians concerning statistics of child labour (ICLS Resolution) - 2008
19 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Challenges in collecting data on child labour on the street
Challenges in collecting data on child labour on the street
Household-based surveys can gather information only on children living with their family and working on the street
Establishment-based surveys may not cover any child labour on the street
Children’s accessibility, availability and interest in the data collection
20 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Rapid AssessmentRapid Assessment
Methodology jointly developed by ILO and UNICEF
Especially useful for some WFCLQualitative information obtained
through a rapid assessment will apply with certainty only to the limited sample population and context
[See: manuals available on SIMPOC website]
21 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Capture-Recapture methodCapture-Recapture method
See the UCW example (Study on child beggars in Dakar)
Previously used (2002 Global Report on Child Labour) in estimating the scale of the WFCL other than hazardous work – a huge challenge for us all in CL statistics
22 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Ethical considerations in child labour data collectionEthical considerations in
child labour data collectionThe best interest of the childPre-research issuesAssess the safety risk to the child of
participating in the survey (and to the researchers): especially for children exploited in / by organize crime
Informed consent for all interviews; in a child-sensitive way; with the right to say “No” at any time
23 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Ethical considerations in child labour data collection (2)
Ethical considerations in child labour data collection (2)
Issues during research Language and logic: to avoid jargon and
adapted to each child (age, sex, culture…)Trust: to be built patiently on relationshipConditions of listening: carefully, with
positive and neutral expressionPay and promises: consider carefullyPost –research issuesRight to privacy / sharing info & outcome
24 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Accelerating action against child labourAccelerating action against child labour
an increased global effort to tackle child labour and
enhanced Government commitment
reach out to children at special risk: e.g. on the street !
25 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Further measuresFurther measuresinternational cooperation
social dialogue and cooperation= Partnership with business and trade unions
advocacy and mobilisation
decent work for youth/adults
26 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
The Global Action PlanThe Global Action Plan
Eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016 !Roadmap 2010 (The Hague)Attention: children on the street
27 www.ilo.org/ipec International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
International Programme on the International Programme on the Elimination of Child LabourElimination of Child Labour
4, Route des Morillons4, Route des MorillonsCH-1211 Geneva 22CH-1211 Geneva 22
SwitzerlandSwitzerland
Tel.: (+41 - 22) 799 81 81Tel.: (+41 - 22) 799 81 81Fax: (+41 - 22) 799 87 71Fax: (+41 - 22) 799 87 71
E-mail: E-mail: ipec@ilo.orgipec@ilo.org
Child labour website:Child labour website:http://www.ilo.org/ipechttp://www.ilo.org/ipec
Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !
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