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Presented by: shoaib khan
WTO introduction ,history,
structure and agreement
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introduction
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only
global international organization dealing with
the rules of trade between nations. t its heartare the WTO agree!ents" negotiated and
signed by the !a#ority of the world$s trading
nations and authorized in their %arlia!ents
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History
The WTO ofcially started on 1 anuary
1!!" under the $arrakesh %greement,
signed by 12& nations on 1" %'ril 1!!(,
re'lacing the )eneral %greement on Tari*s
and Trade +)%TT, -hich began in 1!(.
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History0
The WTO deals -ith regulation o trade
bet-een 'artici'ating countries by 'roiding
a rame-ork or negotiating trade
agreements and a dis'ute resolution 'rocess
aimed at enorcing 'artici'ants3 adherence to
WTO agreements, -hich are signed by
re'resentaties o member goernments
and rati4ed by their 'arliaments
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%greements
The WTO oersees about 65
di*erent agreements -hich hae
the status o international legaltets 7ome o the most
im'ortant agreements are as
ollo-s:
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%
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%greements0
gree!ent on griulture has threeentral *%illars*+ do!estisu%%ort" !ar,et aess" and e-%ort
subsidies. eneral gree!ent on Trade in
er0ies was established in 1' to
e-tend the !ultilateral tradingsyste!.
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greemen s0
%greement on Trade89elated %s'ects o ntellectual
Pro'erty 9ight sets do-n minimum standards or
many orms o intellectual 'ro'erty +P regulation
%greement on Technical ;arriers to Trade ensures
that technical negotiations and standards, as -ell
as testing and certi4cation 'rocedures, do not
create unnecessary obstacles to trade
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7tructure o WTO
$inisterialconerence
)oods councilntellectual 'ro'erty
council7ericescouncil
)eneral council
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Presented by: 7anaullah
WTO 'rinci'le and ob=ecties
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Princi'les o the WTO Trading7ystem
WTO establishes a fra!ewor, for national
trade %oliies. 4i0e ore WTO %rini%les
these are i!%ortant for e0ery !e!ber of
WTO.
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>on8
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5ontinued..
Princi'le no:1
>on8ation rule
'rohibits discrimination bet-een like 'roducts creating in, or intended,
or di*erent countries
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on nued
>ational Treatment
>ational Treatment means that oreign
im'orted goods, ater they cross the border,
should be treated no less aorably than
domestically8'roduced goods The basic logic
behind national treatment is to ensure that
ta and domestic regulation are not used to
restrain trade
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ont nue
rini%le 2+
7e8uired and 9nforeable5o!!it!ents
Tari: o!!it!ents are !ade by WTO!e!bers during trade negotiations.
These negotiations are bilateral (one
ountry to one ountry) during theaession %roess" and then beo!e!ultilateral (all ountries together)
after a ountry has #oined WTO1/21/16 16
@ i
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@ontinued
rini%le 3+Trans'arency
WTO !e!bers are re8uired to %ublish theirtrade regulations and to !a,e sure anydeisions a:eting trade are noti;ed toother WTO !e!bers and to the WTOeretariat itself. The WTO also has a
Trade oliy 7e0iew
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on nued
rini%le &+7ingle Andertaking
ll WTO agree!ents are held together
as a single task. This !eans that!e!ber ountries annot seleti0elyhoose whih agree!ent they will #oin.
The WTO" and all of its agree!ents" is a
single %a,age that !e!ber states !ust#oin on an all or nothingbasis.
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@ ti
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@ontinued
Princi'le ":7aety Bales
n certain situations, goernments areallo-ed to control trade Cor instance,
under theAgreement on Safeguards, acountry is allo-ed to restricttem'orarily 'roducts rom -hich a Do-in im'orts caused or is threatening tocause serious in=ury to a s'eci4cdomestic industry
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o ec es
;ased in )enea, 7-itEerland,WTO seres the ollo-ingob=ecties:
To im'roe the standard o liing o
'eo'le in the member countries
To ensure ull em'loyment and broad
increase in e*ectie demand
To enlarge 'roduction and trade o goods
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Ob=ecties o WTO0
To increase the trade o serices
To ensure o'timum utiliEation o
-orld resources
To 'rotect the enironment
To acce't the conce't o sustainabledeelo'ment
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Presented y: %m=ad %li
WTO unction
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Cunctions o WTO
World Trade OrganiEation is a 'o-erul body -ith
enlarged unctions t is sa- to 'lay a im'ortant role in
the -orldFs economic relationshi's
The essential funtions of W.T.O are as follows+
To 'roide meeting or discussionsa!ong
!e!bers nations regarding !ultilateral trade
relations in !atters delineated in the agree!ents
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Cunction0
d!inistering and im'lementing the
multilateral and 'lurilateral trade
agreements. ro0iding the fra!ewor, for the
i!%le!entation" ad!inistration and o%eration of
%lurilateral trade agree!ents.
ee,ing to resole trade dis'utes.
d!inistering the trade reie-8mechanismin
relation to international trade.
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Cunction0
@oo'erating -ith international
institutionssuh as >?7@ and its
aAliated agenies in0ol0ed in global %oliy
!a,ing.
%dministering the understanding on rules and
%roedures go0erning the settle!ent of dis%utes.
Oerseeing national trade %oliies.
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Cunction0
To i!%le!ent rules and %ro0isions relatedto trade %oliy re0iew !ehanis!.
2. To %ro0ide a %latfor! to !e!ber
ountries to deide future strategiesrelated to trade and tari:.
3. To %ro0ide failities for
i!%le!entation" ad!inistration ando%eration of !ultilateral and bilateralagree!ents of the world trade.
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Cunction0
To ad!inister the rules and%roesses related to dis%utesettle!ent.
To ensure the o%ti!u! use of worldresoures.
To assist international organizations
suh as" >?7@ forestablishing oherene in Bni0ersal9ono!i oliy deter!ination.
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Presented by: 9iE-an aridi
WTO $inisterial
@onerence , Ten bene4tsand limitation
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4irst !inisterial onferene
The 4rst ministerial conerence -as held in 7inga'ore in
1!!6, -hich is the 4rst o its kind since the -orld trade body
re'laced the general agreement on tari*s and trade in
anuary 1!!" The gathering took stock o eisting trading
rules discussed urther o'ening u' o a -orld market -orth
si trillion dollars a year
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eond !inisterial onferene
The 7econd $inisterial
@onerence was held
in ene0a" witzerland on 2 n this !eeting WTO !e!bers
deided to ensure full and aurate
%erfor!ane of e-isting !ultilateral
agree!ents.1/21/16 33
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Third !inisterial onferene
The third conerence
in 7eattle, Anited 7tates ended
in ailure, -ith huge
demonstrations and 'olice and
>ational )uard cro-d control
e*orts dra-ing -orld-ide
attention1/21/16 3&
4ourth !inisterial
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4ourth !inisterialonferene
The WTO held its &th!inisterial onferene
in @oha" Catar in Do0 " 21. The @oha
@e0elo%!ent 7ound was launhed at theonferene. The onferene also a%%ro0ed
the #oining of 5hina" whih bea!e the
1&3rd !e!ber to #oin.
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4ifth !inisterial onferene
The !inisterial onferene was heldin 5anun" ndia" 5hina and?razil)" struggled de!ands fro!the Dorth for agree!ents on the so=
alled *inga%ore issues* and alledfor an end to agriulturalsubsidies within the 9B and the B.
The tal,s bro,e down without %rogress1/21/16 36
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i-th !inisterial onferene
The si-th WTO 5onferene
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e0enth !inisterial onferene
Was held 3 Do0e!ber G 2 @ee!ber
2 in ene0a" witzerland.
The general the!e for disussion was
*The WTO" the
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9ighth !inisterialonferene
>t Was held 1'G1 @ee!ber 211 in
ene0a" witzerland.
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Dinth !inisterial onferene
>t was held 3G6 @ee!ber 213 in ?ali"
>ndonesia. 1' !e!bers of World
Trade Organization agreed to the ?ali
a,age whih eases barriers to
international trade
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Tenth !inisterial onferene
>t was held 1'=1 @ee!ber 21'
in Dairobi" Fenya. The o!%letion
of fghanistan and Hiberia$s aes
sion to the WTO will be on the
agenda.
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Presented by: mame 7onia sitti
1: Nuality ?raFs in
Pakistan
2:WTO issues in
Pakistan
&: WTO im'act on
Pakistan
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7aety status o some Pakistani oods
ndiscriminate use o 'esticides andchemicals results residues in ood
Cood addities are creating toicity
@hemicals generated during ood'rocessing8 'rolonged heating oats generates carcinogens
9e'eatedly dee' ried oods are
in=urious to health
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@ i d
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@ontinued0
Toicity rom 'ackagingmaterial
7e-age, sludge, untreated
industrial -aste -ater 'ollutingground -ater and used oregetable gro-ing
Poultry, bee and mutton8 eedaddities, hormones andantibiotics
@lean -ater is unaailable to1/21/16 &&
ua ty ?raFs n
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ua ty ?ra s nPakistan
1!(K81!65Fs
@ratsmanshi', -hereNuality -as built into'roducts
1!65Fs8
K5Fs
Iuality control took thesha'e o ns'ection actiity
1!K5Fs8.5Fs
ntroduction o 7tatisticalIuality/ Process control in ae- key industries
1!.5Fs8!5Fs ntroduction o Iualitycircles
1!!5Fs82555
ntroduction o TI$, 7O8!555, 7tructuring o P>%@
and P7I@%1/21/16 &'
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WTO issues in Pakistan
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m'ac o onPakistan
Hi!ited e-%ort=due to non o!%liane of
WTO regulations
>nreased i!%orts
7edued >ndustrialization
Hess 9!%loy!ent G 1I une!%loy!ent
Hoss in eono!i so0ereignty
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Ten bene4ts
The syste! hel%s %ro!ote %eae5lashes are handled %ositi0ely
7ules !a,e life easier for all
4ree trade uts the osts of li0ing
>t %ro0ides !ore hoie of %roduts and 8ualitiesTrade raises ino!es
Trade sti!ulates eono!i growth
The basi %rini%les !a,e life !ore eAient
o0ern!ents are seured fro! %ro!otingThe syste! enourages good go0ern!ent
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limitation1/21/16 &
li it ti
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limitation
oThe WTO >s 4unda!entallyBnde!orati
oThe WTO Will Dot t is argued the bene;ts of free tradearue !ostly to the de0elo%edworld.
o 4ree trade !ay %re0ent de0elo%ing
eono!ies de0elo% their infant1/21/16 '
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limitation The WTO has also not been sensiti0e enough to
the de0elo%!ent of non=tari: barriers to i!%orts
fro! the B@5s" suh as antidu!%ing duties
There a%%ears to ha0e been at least so!e
re0ersals in the o0erall liberalization %roess in
so!e de0elo%ing ountries. 9-a!%les are of
inreasing anti=du!%ing !easures" seleti0e
tari: inreases and in0est!ent related !easures
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