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World War IIAPUSH Period 7
Foreign Policy during the
Great Depression
Move toward military isolationism and
insularity coupled with freer trade
2
London Conference - 1933 sought stabilization of global exchange rates
FDR withdrew from negotiations – did not want
cooperation without stable domestic situation
Collapse of conference = strength for trend of
extreme nationalism worldwide
3
Freeing Selves of Filipinos
Tydings-McDuffie Act – Filipinos would be
independent in 12 years – transition – Japan eyes
up the Philippines (1933)
FDR formally recognizes Soviet Union (1933)
4
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR renounced Teddy Roosevelt’s Corollary –
1933
US endorsed non-intervention in Latin America
Relaxed control of Panama Canal Zone
Increased goodwill from Latin America
5
Reciprocal Tariff Act - 1934
New Dealers – low tariff policies
Slashing of tariffs if other country agreed
to it
6
Rise of Stateism over
Individualism
Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, Imperial Japan
Depression-stricken Americans – little appreciation
for the threat of dictatorial and totalitarian regimes
7
Dictatorships Grow in Post-WWI
Europe
After WWI, Europe moved toward dictatorship
Mussolini and Fascism Fascism – an extreme form of nationalism run by an
authoritarian single party or dictator
Benito Mussolini became dictator in 1920s Italy
*Mussolini as dictator:
*restricted the press
* banned criticism of the state
*banned anti-fascist groups
* started a secret police
* restricted women’s rights
*reinforced ideals of extreme Italian nationalism
Hitler, student of Mussolini Adolf Hitler learned from Mussolini -developed a more
powerful fascism in Germany
Hitler’s Style and election Demagogue, huge rallies
Used propaganda and slogans to gain followers
1933 – Hitler elected chancellor
Hitler Revives Germany’s Economy
6 million unemployed when Hitler came to power
Hitler built up Germany’s military industries
1937-only 500,000 unemployed – Hitler popular
First Neutrality Acts
1935 –outlawed arms sales or loans to
warring nations
1937– outlawed arms sales to nations in
Civil War; US citizens could not travel on
ships of warring nations
Aggression in Europe and
Africa
1936 – Hitler sent troops to the Rhineland
region of Germany – violated Versailles
treaty
1936 – Mussolini conquered Ethiopia
Spanish Civil War – 1936-39
Prelude to WWII – Republic vs. ultra-nationalist
US/Britain stayed neutral, Soviets supplied Republic
Mussolini/Hitler–direct support to nationalists
American volunteers – Abraham Lincoln Brigade -
fought for Republic
Franco’s Victory Ultra-nationalist Francisco Franco won
Franco – dictator until death in 1975
Lebensraum/German Unity
Hitler’s concept of “lebensraum” or
“living-space”
Argued that Germany needed more
space to call its own in order to be a
great nation
Unity of German peoples
Hitler’s Unstopped Expansions 1936 Remilitarization of Rhineland not stopped
Anschluss – March 12, 1938 – Union with Austria
9/1938 – Hitler annexed Sudetenland – after Munich
Agreement – Hitler swore this was his last land
demand
Hitler and British PM
Chamberlain
Hitler continues
March 1939 – Germans fully invade Czechoslovakia
August 1939 – Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet
leader Josef Stalin
Invasion of Poland September 1, 1939 – Poland invaded
Blitzkrieg – “lightning war” –Poland done – 1 month
Britain & France – declare war– spark of WWII in Europe
Too late Britain & France waited for German attack on France
Hitler annexed most of Northern Europe by April 1940
May 1940 – Hitler entered France thru Belgium
French & British retreated; Mussolini took South France
June 22, 1940 – France surrendered
Battle of Britain
Summer 1940 - Battle of Britain – 2 months
of bombing
Germans failed – but Britain left on its own in
Europe
Blitzkrieg - lightning war
Characteristics of Pre-War
Japan
Japan developed ultra-nationalist tendencies as
early as the 1880s – Emperor Hirohito
Japan used Western technologies- industrialized
in 1900s – “Enrich the country, Strengthen the
Army”
Problem - Japan’s natural resources – limited
The March of Japanese Militarism
1910 – Japan Annexed Korea
1931 – Japanese Militarists took over Manchuria
from China
1937 – Japan pushed further into China
1941 – Japan invaded Southeast Asia, Indonesia
Greater Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere and the Axis Powers June 1940 – Announcement of Greater Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere
September 1940 – Japan signed Tripartite Pact
Pact created Axis Powers – Germany, Japan & Italy
Stimson Doctrine
Secy of State Henry Stimson- note to China
and Japan after invasion of Manchuria –
territorial acquisitions gained by war will not
be recognized
Quarantine Speech
FDR sought to use economic pressure to create a
quarantine of aggressive countries and restore
peace and order
Use of economic force to avoid aggression
“Cash & Carry” & Lend-Lease 9/1939 –– provision to neutrality acts –Britain &
France buy supplies w/ cash, move w/ own ships
US giving warships to Britain – Sept. 1940
March 1941 – Lend –Lease Act – “Guns not Sons”
Britain (March ‘41), China (April ‘41) Soviet Union (May ‘41)
US became “Arsenal of Democracy”
US would lend or lease supplies to countries whose defense
was vital to US interests
Building Defenses
US had boosted defense spending by 1940
Selective Service and Training Act – 1940 –
16 million men, 21-35, registered for draft
Pearl Harbor US had cut off trade with Japan in 1941 in
response to Japanese aggression in South Pacific
Japan could not live without oil
US knew an attack was imminent but not where
7 December 1941 – Pearl Harbor bombed
Declaration of War 8 December 1941 – US declared war on
Japan
11 December 1941 – Germany and Italy
declare war on US – Tripartite Pact
The Home Front and Total
War After 1941, America prepared for Total War
Propaganda –used to build support for total war
Expanding the military for Total War
10 million drafted; 5 million volunteered
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps – non-combat
jobs in army given to women – men freed up to
fight
Changing the workforce for Total War Women filled defense jobs left by men
War Production Board – decided which companies
retooled for war production; organized recycling
Office of Scientific Research and Development -
OSRD – scientists were organized to innovate for
the war
Taxing and Rationing for Total War
Office of Price Administration (OPA) –price
and wage controls, rationed key food items
Black Markets developed
Revenue Act of 1942
raised top personal income tax to 88%
Low and middle income Americans paid fed. Income
taxes
War Bonds - raise money for war effort
Executive Orders
Executive Order 8802 – June 1941 -
banned racial discrimination in national
defense industries
Executive Order 9066 – February 1942 –
ordered West Coast Japanese-Americans
to inland internment camps
Controlling Labor and the
Means of Production
National War Labor Board (NWLB) – ceilings
on wage increases
Taking over of coal mines and briefly
railroads by fed gov’t
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act – 6/1943 –
fed gov’t could seize striking factories
Fair Employment Practices Commission –
enforced executive order 8802
Wartime Migrations FDR – disproportionate # of defense spending
contracts went to the South
1.6 million southern blacks left for North and
West
Bracero Program – 1942 (lasted until 1965) –
brought in Mexican farm laborers – labor shortage
War Refugee Board – Jan. 1944 – by various
measures – helped 200,000 Jews escape to US
Contributions of Diversity
Navajo Code-Talkers – used own language to
transmit US messages
Tuskegee Airmen – African-American fighter
pilots - contributions in Italy, European theater
442nd Regimental Combat Team – Japanese-
American Unit – most decorated in US history
Women and the workforce
Majority of Women still did not work for wages
during WWII; 2/3s left labor force after WWII
Revolution in women’s roles for next
generation
WWII and economy
Massive increase in productivity and gov’t
spending to fight WWII broke the Great
Depression
Churchill and Roosevelt Meet 22 December 1941 – Winston Churchill (British
Prime Minister) arrived at White House
Next 3 weeks – Churchill and FDR planned out
war
Battle of the Atlantic Longest continuous battle of the war
1st 7 months of 1942 – 680 allied ships destroyed
Allies began organizing into convoys, convoys
followed by bombers
Battle of Atlantic didn’t shift to Allies until mid ‘43
Eastern Front
June 1941- Nazis launched Operation Barbarossa ,
invasion of the Soviet Union – broke pact
August 1942 – Germans approached Stalingrad –
key Soviet industrial city – named for dictator
Stalin
Stalingrad – 9/10ths conquered by September 1942
A German soldier
drapes a swastika flag
over Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad – a turning point in Europe
Winter 1942-43 – Operation Uranus - Soviets
enclosed Germans in the city as winter set in
2 February 1943 – Nazis defeated
Rest of war, Soviets began pushing Nazis back west
North Africa – Operation
Torch Direct invasion of western Europe deemed
unwise
Operation Torch - began November 1942
Allied forces under US General Dwight
Eisenhower invaded Axis-controlled North
Africa
Allies pushed surrender on German
General Irwin Rommel and the German
Afrika Korps by May 1943
Italian Campaign
Before victory in Africa, Churchill and FDR
had decided they’d only accept complete
surrender
Churchill convinced Allies to take Italy
before France
Italian Campaign (continued)
Sicily captured – Summer 1943
7/25/1943 – Mussolini arrested, stripped of power
Hitler then sent Nazi forces to Italy
Battle of Anzio – near Rome – 1/1944-5/44
Italy not fully taken by Allies until 1945
June 1944
June 1944
D-Day – Invasion of Nazi-Occupied France
6 June 1944 –American, British, and Canadian troops
invaded France at Normandy
August 1944 – US General George Patton
liberated Paris
September 1944 – France, Belgium, Luxembourg
freed
** November – Roosevelt elected to 4th term
September 1944
Battle of the Bulge
Oct. 1944 – US captured Aachen (1st German town)
Dec. 1944 - Hitler tried last ditch attempt to break
allied lines – only created a bulge in the lines
Germans failed, now they could only retreat
British & Americans pushed East, Soviets West
Defeat of the Axis in Europe
April 1945 – Western Allies in western Germany,
Soviets in Berlin
4/12/45– FDR died; Harry Truman took over
4/28/45– Mussolini executed
4/30/45– Hitler - suicide
May 8, 1945 – Germany surrendered – V-E Day -
Victory in Europe Day
Japan’s Early Advances
Japan invaded (Dec. 8, 1941) and occupied the
Philippines (American possession) by 8 May 1942
This brought Japan’s Empire to its largest extent
Burma Road and Bataan:
Japanese Hegemony Americans surrendered to Japanese at Bataan,
Philippines – 9 April 1942
Bataan Death March
Burma Road – cut off by Japanese – Nationalist
China lost land link to Allied Supplies
Doolittle’s Raid
Doolittle’s Raid – April 1942 – American Lt. Col.
James Doolittle led bombing of Tokyo
Represented a morale boost to Americans
Stopping the Japanese
Battle of Coral Sea - May 1942 – US & Australians
stopped Japanese from getting to Australia
Battle of Midway – June 1942 – Allies stopped
Japanese at strategic island northwest of Hawaii
4 Japanese Aircraft carriers, 250 planes destroyed
Turning-Point – “Island-Hopping” strategy soon
began
Aleutian Island Campaign June 1942-August 1943
Japanese repelled, prevented from getting a
point to launch an attack on US mainland
Island-Hopping US-led allies began “island-hopping” strategy
after Midway – goal was to eventually take
Japan
Guadalcanal – Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943 – Allies
defeated Japanese on land – strategic victory
Island Hopping – it worked Battle of Leyte Gulf- October 1944 – Japan’s navy
destroyed near Philippines, despite Kamikazes
US forces under Gen. Douglas MacArthur returned
to Philippines same month
Allies edged toward Japan
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Iwo Jima - Feb.-March 1945 – 6000 Americans died taking the
island; only 200 of 20,000 Japanese survived
Okinawa – April-June 1945 – 7600 Americans & 110,000
Japanese killed – showed Japanese fanaticism
Flag Raising – Iwo Jima
Background - Using the Atomic Bomb
Summer 1945 – War over in Europe
Japanese developed reputation – willing to fight to
the death rather than surrender
Manhattan Project –J. Robert Oppenheimer, Albert
Einstein; developed first nuclear weapon
Truman’s Offer & Dropping the
Bombs
26 July 1945, President Harry S Truman
offered to let Japan surrender or “face
total destruction”
Japan said “no”
6 August – Hiroshima
9 August – Nagasaki
*Firebombing of Tokyo – March 9-10, 1945
– death toll comparable to Atomic bombs
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
V-J Day 10 August 1945 – Japan showed intent to surrender
14 August 1945 – Japan accepted Allies’ terms,
surrendered – “V-J Day” – Victory over Japan Day
2 September 1945 – surrender finalized
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