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Objectives 15-25

15. RECALL THE TIME PERIOD REFERRED TO AS WORLD WAR II.16. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ALLIED AND AXIS COUNTRIES DURING WORLD WAR II.17. INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT MAJOR INDIVIDUAL LEADERS HAD ON THE OUTCOME OF

WORLD WAR II.18. CONSIDER REASONS WHY PEOPLE IN GERMANY, ITALY, AND JAPAN LOOKED TO

DICTATORS TO LEAD THEIR NATIONS PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II.19. GIVE EXAMPLES OF HOW DICTATORS IN GERMANY, ITALY, AND JAPAN EXPANDED

THEIR TERRITORIES IN THE 1930S PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II.20. EXPLAIN HOW THE UNITED STATES HELPED THE ALLIES AND WHY IT ENTERED WORLD

WAR II.21. TRACE THE COURSE OF THE U.S. ARMED FORCES IN AFRICA AND EUROPE DURING

WORLD WAR II.22. EXAMINE THE HOLOCAUST AS WELL AS CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLES OF GENOCIDE.23. ASSESS THE DECISION BY AMERICAN OFFICIALS TO USE THE ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN

AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II.24. EVALUATE THE VIEWPOINTS REGARDING JAPANESE INTERNMENT IN THE UNITED

STATES DURING WORLD WAR II.25. ANALYZE THE OVERALL EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR II.

World War II lasted from…

1939 to 1945.

1939 Big Ben Clock Radio

Allied, Axis, and Neutral Nations Leaders

Japan Italy Germany

Major Great Britain France Soviet Union (Russia) United States China

Others Belgium Canada India Mexico Netherlands Poland

Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey

Leader of Germany

1933-1945

Second in Power toHitler

Head of SS (Nazi Elite Forces)

Head of Nazi Secret Police (Gestapo)

Coordinator of Concentration and Extermination Camps

Commander in Chief of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force)

Minister of Nazi Propaganda

German Field Marshal

Nicknamed the Desert Fox

Doctor in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz

Nicknamed the Angel of Death

Leader of Italy

1922-1943

Leader of the Soviet Union(Russia)

1929-1953

Prime Minister of Great Britain

1937-1940

Prime Minister of Great Britain

1940-1945 and 1951-1955

Leader of the Free French Forces

Political Leader of Japan

1926-1989

Prime Minister (Military Leader) of Japan

1941-1944

President of the United States

1933-1945

President of the United States1945-1953

Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe, 1943-1945

President of the United States 1953-1960

Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Southwest Pacific 1942-1945

American General andCommander of U.S.Third Army

American General andsenior field commander in North Africa and Europe

What are the reasons that people looked to dictators in Germany, Italy, and Japan?

Offered relief from Great Depression

Promised to return countries to a wealthy state

Pledged to avenge the Treaty of Versailles

Fascism

Political system based on a dictatorship, militarism, extreme nationalism, and racism

In 1931, the Japanese army seized Manchuria.

Soon, Japan, Italy, and Germany were following policies of imperialism and ruthless aggression.

Ethiopia’s emperor, Haile Selassie, asked the League of Nations for help, but it responded weakly.

Britain and France would not help, either, so Ethiopia fell to Italy.

In 1935, Mussolini’s armies invaded the African country of Ethiopia.

By 1921, Adolf Hitler had become leader of the National Socialist, or Nazi Party.

Racism formed the core of Nazi beliefs:

Many Germans were angry about their defeat in World War I and the heavy reparation payments forced on them by the Allies.

Feelings of Anti-Semitism ran high.

Nazis believed Germans were a “master race.”

The Great Depression increased Hitler’s

popularity.

In 1933, Hitler was named chancellor of the German parliament, which marked the beginning of the Holocaust.

Hitler quickly created a totalitarian state.

• He outlawed other political parties.

• Secret police enforced strict loyalty.

German armies occupiedAustria. European democracies did not stop Hitler.

Treaty of Versailles

1936

1938

Hitler defied the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, as Germany became increasingly aggressive.

Hitler rebuilt Germany’s armed forces and sent troops into the Rhineland region of western Germany.

In a gesture of appeasement, Britain and France let Hitler occupy a part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenlandif he promised to seek no further territory.

Hitler threatened to invade Czechoslovakia.

Hitler occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia and then set his sights on Poland.

1938

1938

1939

Policy of meeting a nations’ demands to avoid war

▪ (Paying off a Bully)

Example of Appeasement:▪ Germany was offered part

of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland) by Great Britain as long as it didn’t seek more territory. After a few months, Hitler conquered the whole country.

Japan Took over Manchuria in 1931, a

province in northern China

Italy Conquered Ethiopia in 1935 Invaded and annexed Albania in

1939 Germany

Took over the Rhineland in 1936 Violation of Treaty of Versailles

Invaded and annexed Austria in 1938

Acquired the Sudetenland in 1938 (northern region of Czechoslovakia)

Conquered Czechoslovakia in 1939, 6 months prior to war

1931 – JAPAN TAKES OVER MANCHURIA 1933 – HITLER COMES TO POWER / HOLOCAUST BEGINS 1935 – ITALY SEIZES CONTROL OVER ETHIOPIA 1936 – GERMANY TAKES OVER THE RHINELAND 1937 – JAPAN INVADES CHINA 1938 (March) – GERMANY TAKES OVER AUSTRIA 1938 (September) – GERMANY TAKES OVER THE SUDETENLAND 1939 (March) – GERMANY TAKES OVER ALL OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1939 (April) – ITALY TAKES OVER ALBANIA 1939 (September) – GERMANY INVADES POLAND / WORLD WAR II BEGINS 1940 (May) – GERMANY INVADES AND TAKES OVER FRANCE 1940 (July) – GERMANY ATTACKS GREAT BRITAIN (BATTLE OF BRITAIN) 1941 (June) – GERMANY INVADES THE SOVIET UNION 1941 (December) – JAPAN BOMBS PEARL HARBOR / UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR 1942 (June) – BATTLE OF MIDWAY 1942 (November) – ALLIED TROOPS LAND IN NORTHERN AFRICA 1943 (May) – ALLIES DEFEAT THE AXIS POWERS IN NORTHERN AFRICA 1943 (September) – ITALY SURRENDERS 1944 (June) – D-DAY (ALLIED INVASION OF NORMANDY, FRANCE) 1944 (December) – BATTLE OF THE BULGE IN BELGIUM 1945 (April) – RUSSIAN TROOPS REACH BERLIN 1945 (May) – GERMANY SURRENDERS / V.E. DAY / HOLOCAUST ENDS 1945 (August 6th & 9th) – U.S. DROPS AN ATOMIC BOMB ON HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI 1945 (August 15th) – JAPAN SURRENDERS / V.J. DAY

Germany began World War II when it invaded Poland in 1939.

Because Great Britain and France promised to defend Poland, they quickly declared war on Germany.

The Nazis then marched into France in May 1940.

Even with help from the British,France surrendered to Hitler one month later.

Now Britain stood alone against the Nazi war machine, but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill vowed that he would never surrender.

Londoners slept in subway stations at night to avoid the bombs and tried to carry on with their lives during the day.

For months, German planes bombed London and other British cities, killing tens of thousands.

By fall, Hitler abandoned plans to invade Britain.

The Soviet Union now joined Britain in fighting the Germans.

On June 22, 1941, Hitler broke his pact with Stalin by sending a huge German force into the Soviet Union.

Although Churchill and Stalin deeply distrusted each other, they were forced to work together to defeat their common enemy.

After months of fighting, the Soviets won the battle and pushed the Germans back westward.

In December 1941, Soviet troops—assisted by the brutal Russian winter—halted the German advance just miles from Moscow.

In 1935, Congress passed the Neutrality Act, which was designed to keep the U.S. at peace.

The Act forbade the president from selling arms or making loans to any nation involved in war.

After World War I, the United States returned to a policy of isolationism.

Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act, which let the U.S. lend or lease supplies to nations fighting the Nazis.

Roosevelt had promised to maintain American neutrality,but he sympathized with the Allies.

In response, Roosevelt banned iron and steel scrap exportsand restricted the sale of oil to Japan.

Facing a shortage of fuel for their navy in addition to an opportunity to take out the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Japanese leaders decided to attack the United States.

On December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers launched a surprise attack on American forces at Pearl Harbor.

In July 1941, Japan invaded the French colony of Indochina.

On December 8, Congress declared war on Japan.

Japan’s allies, Germany and Italy, then declared war on the United States.

How did the United States help the Allies? The U.S. helped the

Allies through the Lend-Lease Act (March 1941), which lent or leased equipment and weapons to Allied nations.

Why did the United States decide to enter the war? The U.S. decided to

enter the war after being attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

In the days after Pearl Harbor, Japanese armies swiftly took control of Southeast Asia.

In early 1942, the Allies faced a bleak situation on all fronts.

• Germany controlled most of Western Europe and was advancing deep into Soviet territory.

• Soviet losses numbered in the millions.

Later in 1942, the Allies began to gain ground.

In November, the first American ground troops in combat landed in North Africa under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

U.S. troops occupied Morocco and Algeria, and Rommel’s army surrendered in May 1943.

American and British troops crossed the Mediterranean Sea and took control of the island of Sicily.

July 1943

Fall1943

After removing the Axis from Africa, the Allies decided to concentrate on defeating Italy.

Italy surrendered to the Allies.

Allied invasion of France in June 1944 to liberate Europe

In 1944, the Allies under General Eisenhower were ready to invade France.

On June 6, 1944— known as D-Day—more than 155,000 American, British, and Canadian troops crossed the English channel and landed on five beaches at Normandy, France.

Troops at four of the beaches quickly overcame German opposition, but 2,500 American soldiers died fighting the fierce German defense at Omaha Beach.

D-Day was a success, and on August 25, 1944, the Allies liberated Paris.

Allied forces pushed eastward into Belgium.

German troops created a “bulge” in the American lines.

However, since the Germans were short on supplies and soldiers, they failed to break through the lines.

Soon after, the Western Allies entered Germany from the west.

Meanwhile, Roosevelt died of a stroke, and Vice President Harry S. Truman became President.

While the Allied armies advanced on the ground, their planes bombed German industries and cities.

In January 1945, a huge Soviet force entered Germany from the east.

Hitler hid in a bunker beneath the city’s streets, where he committed suicide.

A week later, Germany unconditionally surrendered at Eisenhower’s headquarters in France.

On April 16, 1945, Soviet troops began an assault on Berlin.

On May 8, the Allies celebrated

V-E Day, Victory in Europe.

U.S. ships bombarded Japan’s coast and destroyed shipping. Japan also faced a food shortage.

By the spring of 1945, after the war in Europe was over, the Americans began bombing Japan.

Yet Japanese leaders still talked of winning the war.

The U.S. successfully used an island hopping strategyto take over Japanese-held islands. This involved invading weakly defended islands and then using the captured islands to stage further attacks.

Japanese kamikaze pilots crashed their planes

into American ships.

President Truman’s military advisers warned him that an invasion of Japan might cost 500,000 American casualties.

In addition, during the battles, the Japanese displayed their willingness to die rather than surrender.

Top-secret program set up in 1942 to build an atomic bomb

Reasons to Use the Atomic Bomb

Japan refused to surrender

Invading Japan might cost the U.S. 500,000 American casualties

Reasons Not to Use the Atomic Bomb

Bomb’s destructive power

Thousands of Japanese civilian casualties

On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

In July, Truman learned that the U.S. had successfully tested an atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert.

Within minutes, more than 70,000 people died.

On August 9, the U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, and approximately 40,000 people died instantly.

Many more in both cities would die slower deaths from radiation poisoning.

Still, the Japanese refused to surrender.

On August 14, 1945—known now as V-J Day—Japan’s emperor announced that the nation would surrender.

On September 2, 1945, MacArthur formally accepted Japan’s surrender.

World War II was over at last.

It had been the bloodiest war in history, with 60 million dead. Two-thirds of those who died were civilians.

The purpose of Japanese internment camps during WWII was to eliminate a possible security threat within the continental United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

More than 110,000 Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared

that Japanese Americans would act

as spies.

At the start of the war, about 300,000 people of Japanese origin lived in the United States.

However, during World War II, there were no cases of disloyalty by Japanese Americans.

Whole families were rounded up for internment and were allowed to bring only what they could carry.

They lived in small, barren camps surrounded by barbed wire.

When the war ended, the government released the internees.

Korematsu v. United States

The Supreme Court ruled that military necessity justified internment, although three of the justices dissented.

In 1990, the U.S. formally apologized and paid each surviving internee $20,000.

In 1948, it made a small payment to them for the property they had lost.

Axis Nations •The economies of Germany, Italy, and Japan were left in ruins.

8 million dead (military)

- Germany suffered the most casualties

Allied Nations

Most Allied countries economies suffered due to the damage of WWII. Only the United States came out of the war with a strong economy.

16 million dead (military)

- Soviet Union suffered the most casualties

Effects of World War II

Defeat of Axis Powers and

fascism

Nuremberg Trials

Formation of the United

Nations

Use of nuclear weapons

Approximately 60 million dead

Rise of the United States

and Soviet Union as

superpowers

Widespread destruction of

cities and industries

Recognition of the Holocaust

Development of Cold War

between Soviet Union and

United States

Soviet control of Eastern

Europe

Divided Germany

International peace-keeping organization made up of several countries throughout the world. (Replaced the League of Nations) Main differences when

compared to League of Nations

United States joined

U.N. created a military force

Race

Division of mankind possessing traits that are passed on by blood and sufficient enough to belong to an obvious human type

▪ Usually defined in terms of color

How would I explain this?

▪ According to the U.S. Census, I should say I’m one of the following: white, black or African American, Asian, American Indian, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, or two or more races.

Ethnicity

Identity with or membership in a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group's customs, beliefs, and language.

Ethnicity should not be confused with citizenship or nationality.

How would I explain this?

▪ If you have ties to another group based on the criteria above you may want to say “I’m a ____________ American.” If not, you would just say “I’m American.”

▪ Note: Many minority groups in the United States maintain strong ethnic identity; especially in cities, immigrants are often attracted to ethnic communities established by people from their own country, communities in which many traditional cultural features are maintained.

Ancestry

One’s blood line (family tree)

How would I explain this?

▪ Example: “I have ancestors from Ireland, England, and Poland.”▪ Many people say for example, “I’m part Native American, Indian, Italian,

Mexican.”

Nationality

The status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization (granted citizenship to a foreigner)

How would I explain this?

▪ “I’m an American.”

▪ “I’m Canadian and American.”

▪ Sometimes you can be a citizen of two countries at the same time.

According to the Salad Bowl Theory there are times when newly arrived immigrants do not lose the unique aspects of their cultures like in the melting pot model, instead they retain them. The unique characteristics of each culture are still identifiable within the larger American society, much like the ingredients in a salad are still identifiable, yet contribute to the overall make up of the salad bowl. It is this theory that also accounts for the retention of the "something-American" hyphenation when identifying cultural identity.

Attempt of Hitler and the Nazis to destroy the Jews of Europe and others who were considered “racially impure” from 1933-1945.

During the war, Hitler tried to annihilate all the Jews in Europe.

Entire families were wiped out in a genocide known today as the Holocaust.

The Nazis also killed millions of Poles, Slavs, Roma, communists, people with physical and mental disabilities, and others.

• Hundreds at a time were killed in gas chambers.

• Others were subjected to torture or horrifying medical experiments.

The Nazis built six death camps in Poland and transported millions of people to them in railway cattle cars.

Warsaw ghetto, 1941.

Homeless children.

One of the most famous pictures of the Holocaust. German stormtroopers force Warsaw ghetto dwellers of all ages to move, hands up, during the Jewish Ghetto Uprising in April-May 1943.

One way Nazis

suppressed the

Warsaw Ghetto

Uprising was to burn

blocks of buildings.

Children from an

orphanage in

Marysin, Poland wait

in line to board a

truck which will take

them to the Chelmno

concentration camp

where they will be

killed.

Two young brothers, seated for a family photograph in the Kovno ghetto. One month later, they were deported to the Majdanek camp in Lithuania, February 1944.

A young mother and

her two children sit

among a large group

of Jews from Lubny

who have been

assembled for mass

execution on October

16, 1941.

A member of

Einsatzgruppen

prepares to shoot a

Ukrainian Jew

kneeling on the edge

of a mass grave filled

with the bodies of

previous victims.

A fence around the

barracks in the main

camp - Auschwitz I.

Photograph taken

immediately after the

departure of the

Germans from

Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Sacks of human hair

packed for dispatch

to Germany.

A warehouse full of

shoes and clothing

confiscated from the

prisoners and

deportees gassed

upon their arrival.

Jewish children, kept

alive in the Auschwitz

II (Birkenau)

concentration camp,

pose in concentration

camp uniforms

between two rows of

barbed wire fencing

after liberation.

Former women

prisoners on the

wooden bunks that

served as beds, in

Auschwitz

concentration camp.

Crematorium

furnaces in the

Gusen concentration

camp after the

liberation.

Bones of anti-Nazi

German women are

visible in the

crematoria in the

concentration camp

at Weimar, Germany.

April 14, 1945.

American soldiers of

the U.S. 7th Army

force boys, believed

to be Hitler youth, to

examine boxcars

containing bodies of

prisoners starved to

death by the SS.

As Allied soldiers liberated the death camps, they were shocked by the piles of corpses.

The survivors were living skeletons.

Purpose Put 22 Nazi leaders on trial

for war crimes and crimes against humanity (murders of the Holocaust)

Outcome 19 Nazi leaders were

found guilty. Of those, 12 were sentenced to death. The Nuremberg trials held

that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime.

For the first time in history, war victors prosecuted leaders of the losing side for war crimes.

In Nuremberg, Germany, Allied judges tried prominent Nazis for starting World War II and for the horrors of the death camps.

Similar trials were held in Manila and Tokyo to try leaders of the Japanese war machine.

Murder of six million Jews and five million from other groups such as gypsies, Poles, Russians, homosexuals, elderly, children, resistance fighters, Jehovah’s Witnesses, blacks, and disabled

Execution by firing squad, gas chambers, and starvation

Mass graves

Complete the Interact with History on page 755, then answer the questions under What Do You Think?.

1. Why do you think it’s important that people learn about the Holocaust?

2. What do you personally want to know about the Holocaust?

Identify three things you still don’t know after taking the Holocaust Test? Explain each using complete sentences.

1. Write down what you believe are some significant events during your eighth grade year.

2. Survey Chapter 27 and write down some significant events during the World War II period.

Review the following sub-sections from Chapter 27, Section 1, page 757-758.

The Rise of Dictators

Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin

Answer the following questions:

1. Why were dictators able to gain control in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union?

2.What were the goals of Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin?

Read the following sub-sections on pages 758-759. Dictators Seek to Expand Territory Appeasement at Munich

Now, answer the questions below.1. How did Italy, Germany, and Japan each expand their

territories in the 1930s?2. What is appeasement?3. Why did Winston Churchill disagree with the appeasement at

Munich?

On your opener / closer sheet, write down your own personal information regarding the following:

Race▪ Use White, Black / African American, Asian, American Indian,

Hispanic, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, or two or more races.

Ethnicity

Ancestry

Nationality

Use your notes to help you.

Read the following sub-sections on pages 758-759. Dictators Seek to Expand Territory Appeasement at Munich

Now, answer the questions below.1. How did Italy, Germany, and Japan each expand their

territories in the 1930s?2. What is appeasement?3. Why did Winston Churchill disagree with the appeasement at

Munich?

During the course of World War II, you saw several examples of people being tortured by others. Often times this began with verbal harassment and physical intimidation. Thinking about your life today, write about times when you have been a victim yourself, observed these things happening to others, and/or participated in treating others this way.

Be sure to address the following:

Where did the incidents occur?

What common characteristics did you see in the aggressors? Why might they act the way they do?

What characteristics did you see in the victims?

Most importantly, how can one do their part to prevent the mistreatment of others?

What are three questions you have regarding the Holocaust that have yet to be answered?

Social Studies Opener Name:

Core #:

Complete the following without using your notes.

Place the following that occurred prior to World WarII in order.

_Germany invaded and annexed Austria

_Japan took over Manchuria

_Germany invaded Poland

_Germany took over the Rhineland

_Germany acquired the Sudetenland

_Germany conquered all of Czechoslovakia

_Italy took over Ethiopia

Place the following events in order that occurred during World War II.

_ German troops invaded and took over France

_ Germany surrendered (Russians reached Berlin)

_ Allies defeated the Axis powers in northern Africa

_ Italy surrendered to the Allies

_ Allied troops landed in northern Africa

_ Battle of the Bulge (Germany’s last major attack)

_ D-Day (Allied Invasion of Normandy, France)

_ Germany invaded the Soviet Union

Read Atomic Weapons End the War on pg. 773 Answer the following using complete sentences:

1. American military leaders feared that an invasion of mainland Japan might cost the United States what?

2.What prompted American officials to use the atomic bomb?

3.Which two cities in Japan did the United States decide to detonate an atomic bomb?

4.How many Japanese deaths occurred due to the atomic bombs?

Read The Internment of Japanese Americans on pg. 776-777, then answer the following questions in complete sentences.

Why were Japanese Americans interned?

What are two examples that show how American fears of disloyalty from Japanese Americans were unsupported?

Refer to the picture on pg. 777. In your opinion, does the photo compare to any other World War II topic? If so, what topic and why?

1. What characteristics do you see in aggressors who verbally harass and physically intimidate others?

2. Why might these aggressors act the way they do? How might these people change?

3. What characteristics do you see in the victims?

4. What can you do to protect victims and attempt to stop harassment?

5. Create a scenario focusing on verbal harassment or physical intimidation. Be sure to include the following:

Description of the victim(s) (physical features, personality, interests, group association)

Why is this person or group being singled out?

Did they do anything to deserve being harassed and intimidated?

Description of the aggressor(s) (physical features, personality, interests, group association)

Why does this person or group feel the need to to act the way they do?

Description of what’s been happening to the victim. Usually this includes repeated acts over time and may involve more than one aggressor.

Information as to how the situation(s) were resolved.