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CAUSESThe immediate cause of World War I was
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian
Black Hand secret society killed Ferdinand. Conflicts between Austria-Hungary and
Serbia started with a challenge to the 1878 Treaty of Berlin. Under that treaty, Austria-Hungary assumed a mandate to occupy and control Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Ottoman
Empire kept its sovereignty, and Serbia was recognized as a kingdom; however, Serbians were incensed that Austria-
Hungary had annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina during the Bosnian crisis of 1908 and 1909.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (left) and Gavrilo Princip
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This led to two Balkan Wars, in which Serbia gained Macedonia and Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire. Ferdinand had been a
supporter of both federalism and tribalism, which advocated that Austria-Hungary be
reorganized with the Slavic lands to add a third kingdom. A Slavic kingdom could have put tremendous pressure on the Serbians, and
Archduke Franz Ferdinand would have been the leader of this new kingdom. In the aftermath of the assassination, Austria-Hungary wanted the
Serbian government to punish those responsible. Austria-Hungarian leaders made a list of ten
demands for the Serbian government. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia when the
demands were not met.
CAUSES
After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip is arrested.
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DECLARATIONS OF WAR
Germany’s Declaration of War in 1914
July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia.
August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on France.
August 4, 1914 – United Kingdom declares war on Germany.
August 5, 1914 – Montenegro declares war on Austria- Hungary.
August 6, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia; Serbia declares war on
Germany.
August 9, 1914 – Montenegro declares war on Germany.
August 11, 1914 – France declares war on Austria- Hungary.
August 12, 1914 – United Kingdom declares war on Austria-Hungary.
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DECLARATIONS OF WARAugust 22, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on
Belgium.
August 23, 1914 – Japan declares war on Germany.
August 25, 1914 – Japan declares war on Austria- Hungary.
November 1, 1914 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
November 3, 1914 – Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
November 5, 1914 – France and United Kingdom declare war on the Ottoman Empire.
May 23, 1915 – Italy declares war on Austria- Hungary.
October 14, 1915 – Bulgaria declares war on Serbia.
October 15, 1915 – United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria.
The is a diagram of the alliances before World War I.
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DECLARATIONSOF WAR
October 16, 1915 – Frances declares war on Bulgaria
October 19, 1915 – Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria.
August 27, 1916 – Italy declares war on Germany.
The diagram represents European alliances before World War I.
coat of arms of Bulgaria
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LEADERSOF WORLD WAR I
ALLIED POWERS
Woodrow Wilson
John J. Pershing
David Lloyd George
Georges Clemenceau
CENTRAL POWERS
Franz Josef I
Karl I
Wilhelm II
Mehmed V
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PARTICIPANTSIN WORLD WAR I
ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS
United States
British Empire
French Third Republic
Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Romania
Empire of Japan
Russian Empire
Kingdom of Italy
Kingdom of Greece
Kingdom of Montenegro
Belgium
Portugal
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
Austria-Hungary
German Empire
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WEAPONS
land ship/tank barbed wire
Maxim machine gun
hand grenade
poison gas submarine
bi-plane
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STRATEGIES
TRENCH WARFARE
In trench warfare both armies could fight from fortified positions. It was a slow form of combat with heavy reliance on defense.
The soldiers built complex trench and dugout systems and stocked them with
weapons. Barbed wire protected the trenches. The space between opposing armies’ trenches was “no man’s land.”
Attacks almost always resulted in injury and death for the attacking soldiers.
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THE IMPORTANCEOF TRENCH WARFARE
Trench warfare was an important part of combat during World War I. The effectiveness of the new weapons made it impossible to fight
in the open for extended periods of time. Trenches were constructed for careful and
planned attacks. The trench protected soldiers from attack. Soldiers also dug temporary
trenches as close to the front lines as possible. These would protect waves of soldiers
attacking the enemy. Attacking soldiers would take cover in a forward trench to regroup while
other soldiers followed the first attack. Trenches kept soldiers out of the line of fire as
much as possible.
British trench design
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OBJECTIVES
ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS
The main objective of the Allied Powers was to stop Germany and the Central
Powers’ attempts to expand their land in Europe and Asia. The American conflict with Germany stemmed from Germany’s violation of a neutrality agreement when German submarines attacked American
passenger ships.
The main objective of the Central Powers was to acquire as much land as possible in Europe and Asia. Germany believed
France, England, and Russia prevented its expansion. Germany was determined to
expand its borders.
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BATTLESBattle of Mons
August 23–27, 1914
The Battle of Mons was the first major action the British
Expeditionary Force took during World War I. British soldiers were
overwhelmed during the attack. After the French and Belgian armies
retreated, the British planned to hold off the advancing German soldiers
although they suffering terrible losses. The British finally retreated
on August 27, and only two hundred forty British soldiers survived the battle. It was still a British victory
because British troops held the Germans and regrouped. Battles of Charleroi and Mons
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BATTLESBattle of Tannenberg
August 23–September 2, 1914
The Germans and the Russians fought the Battle of Tannenberg in which the Second Army of Russia was almost destroyed. Additional
battles continued in Russia. With the aid of railroad transportation, the
German army fought on both fronts of the Russian army. The battle
ended in a German victory; Russian soldiers were captured, killed, or
retreated.
Battle of Tannenberg, August 23–26, 1914
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BATTLESFirst Battle of Marne
September 5–12, 1914
The First Battle of Marne was along the Marne River in Paris, France. The Allied Powers went on the offensive, constantly attacking the German First and Second Armies. It seemed as if by September 9, both armies would
be surrounded. When German General von Moltke had a nervous breakdown after seeing what could happen, the Germans retreated; and the Allied Powers were victorious.
Battle of Marne
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BATTLESFirst Battle of Aisne
September 13–28, 1914
The First Battle of Aisne was between the German First and
Second Army and the Allied Powers. The Allies launched an assault on the Germans, who had halted their retreat
at the Aisne River. However, the Germans launched a counterattack,
and used a machine gun in their attack. Nonetheless, the Allied
Powers continued to push back the German advances. Fighting stopped
on September 28, as it was clear neither side could win the battle.
During the First Battle of Aisne, French troops capture an alleged spy.
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BATTLESBattle of Albert
September 25–29, 1914
During the Battle of Albert, the French Tenth Army pushed eastward and attacked the German lines near
Albert. The French Tenth Army was met with heavy resistance from the German Sixth Army. The Germans
were attempting to drive westward to the English Channel, and they
eventually took many agricultural regions in northern France and cut
supply routes from the British Expeditionary Force. However,
neither side gained new ground, and the battle ended in a stalemate.
Battle of Albert
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BATTLESThe First Battle of Arras
October 1–4, 1914
In the First Battle of Arras, the French prevented the Germans from advancing to the English Channel.
The French Tenth Army successfully attacked the Germans, but were
counterattacked in Douai. The French Tenth Army was forced to retreat. While the French held Arras, they lost Lens to the First, Second, and
Seventh Armies of Germany.
symbol of the German Army
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BATTLESBattle of Ypres
October 19–November 22, 1914
Also known as the Battle of Flanders, the British Expeditionary Force
moved north and stopped the Germans at Passchendaele Ridge in
this battle. At the same time, the Belgians opened the gates of the Yser
River to flood low-lying land to prevent a German advance. Trench
warfare continued. The Germans lost many young soldiers in this battle,
which the Germans called the “Massacre of the Innocents.”
Battle of Ypres
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BATTLESBattle of Neuve Chapelle and Artois
March 10–13, 1915
In the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and Artois, British troops attacked. The
British goal was to break the German lines and the French were to attack the Vimy Ridge. This was the first
battle that utilized aerial photography, and the Allies mapped all of the German lines in the region.
The Germans launched a counterattack that halted the Allies’ advancement. The British captured
little ground during this battle. These wounded British soldiers are prisoners in German trenches.
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BATTLESBattle of Isonzo
June 23–July 7, 1915
The Battle of Isonzo was contested between the Italians, fighting with
the Allies, and the Austro-Hungarians, who sided with the
Central Powers. The Italians wanted to move the Austrians from their
defensive positions. Even though the Italian army was twice the size of the Austrian army, the Austrians fought
from an uphill position. The Austrian army received reinforcements, and
the Italians were defeated.
one of the many trenches used during the Battle of Isonzo
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BATTLESBattle of Verdun
February 21–December 18, 1916
The French and Germans fought the Battle of Verdun. It resulted in deaths
of approximately 250,000 soldiers, and at least one million were
wounded. The Battle of Verdun was one of the longest battles of World
War I. The French and German armies launched constant attacks against each other. The French mounted the final offensive on
December 11. The Germans retreated to their position before the battle after the last French offensive.
Violence took place in all areas of Verdun.
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BATTLESBattle of Jutland
May 31–June 1, 1916
The Battle of Jutland was the largest naval battle of World War I. The
battle pitted the German navy against the British navy. It was the only time during World War I that battleships
were used. The German navy wanted to lure the British Grand Fleet into a
trap and defeat it. The battle continued for a little over one month. Fourteen British and eleven German ships were sunk. Both sides claimed victory, but there was not clear victor
in the Battle of Jutland. Battle of Jutland
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BATTLESBattle of Somme
July 1–November 18t 1916
Also known as the Somme Offensive, the Battle of the Somme was one of
history’s bloodiest battles. During the conflict, the Allies attempted to fight their way through the German lines
to draw Germans away from the Battle of Verdun. The Allied and
Central Powers suffered 1.4 million casualties. The British and French
armies only captured approximately five miles of territory.
Soldiers of the 11th Cheshire Regiment are stationed in their trenches.
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BATTLESBattle of Gorizia
August 6–17, 1916
Also known as the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo, the Italian Army used the
railroads to transport troops between Isonzo and Trentino. The Austrian forces were weakened as the Italian troops continued their attack. The Austrians retreated to the Gorizia sector, signifying a victory for the Italians. This victory boosted the
Italians’ morale, and Italy declared war on Germany on August 28, 1916.
Italian soldiers are stationed in their trenches along the Isonzo River during the
Battle of Gorizia.
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BATTLESBattle of Flers-Courcelette
September 15, 1916
The tank was first used in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette. The British
army attempted to break through the German lines and utilized tank
warfare in their attack. Although the British, New Zealand, and Canadian armies gained territory in the attack,
they could not break the German lines. The German Army stopped the
British before they advanced to Morval.
soldiers from the 2nd Battalion of the Auckland Regiment after the Battle of Flers-Courcelette
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BATTLESBattle of Gaza
March 26, 1917
In the Battle of Gaza, the British drove back Turkish forces on the
Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia. The Turkish forces had been trying to cut the Allied Powers’ supply route through the Suez Canal. When the
Turkish forces were about to be expelled from Gaza, however, the British called for a retreat, stating
there was a threat of Turkish reinforcements. However, the Allies
had defeated the reinforcements. coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire
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BATTLESSecond Battle of ArrasApril 9–May 16, 1917
Australian, British, and Canadian soldiers fought the Germans in the Second Battle of Arras. The Allied Powers’ objective was to move the
German soldiers from territory so the French Army could attack and
capture the higher German ground on the Douai Plain. Although the Allied Powers did not win this battle, they
made significant advances in military tactics such as counter-battery fire
and the creeping barrage.
the frontline at Arras before the battle
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BATTLESSecond Battle of Aisne
April 16–May 9, 1917
The Second Battle of Aisne was part of the Nivelle Offensive, which the
French army had organized. The attack was successful for the French,
and there were 40,000 French causalities on the first day. Despite suffering tremendous losses, French
Commander Robert Nivelle continued to launch full-scale attacks,
which the Germans repelled. The French were defeated. The battle
ruined Nivelle’s career, and French soldiers’ morale plummeted.
the Western Front in 1917
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BATTLESBattle of MessinesJune 7–14, 1917
The map depicts military action during the Battle of Messines, from June 7–14.
In the Battle of Messines, General Herbert Plummer led an attack of the British Second Army. The battle is
remembered because the British soldiers detonated nineteen mines
before launching their infantry attack. This tactic surprised the Germans and
the British were victorious.
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BATTLESBattle of Passchendaele
July 31–November 6, 1917
Also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, the Allied forces wanted to breach the German lines and take
control of Passchendaele. This town contained the Germans’ main
submarine base. The Germans took cover in trenches and fought off the Allied Powers’ attack for some time. Although Canadian forces captured Passchendaele, the Allies suffered
almost 500,000 casualties.
Allied soldiers move over a duckboard track in the Chateau Wood.
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BATTLESBattle of Caporetto
October 24–November 19, 1917
Also known as the Battle of Karfeit, this was a combined effort of the German and Austrian-Hungarian
armies. The combined armies routed the Italians, who had no reserves to
provide assistance to their front lines. The use of storm troopers and new infiltration maneuvers Oskar von
Hutier pioneered led to this Central Powers’ victory.
The map depicts military action during the Battle of Caporetto and the Italian retreat.
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BATTLESBattle of Cambrai
November 20–December 6, 1917
In the Battle of Cambrai tanks were used successfully. Although the British Army did not defeat the
Germans, they proved the Hindenburg Line could be broken.
However, the Germans counterattacked using new
infiltration tactics. Although the British were maintained control of the ridge, the Germans advanced in other areas and won a strong tactical
victory. British soldiers prepare for action in their trenches, and a tank patrols in the background.
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THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Russian Soviet Socialist Party.
Russians were weary of World War I and the enormous sacrifices they endured. This discontentment led to popular support of the Bolshevik Party. Its leader, Vladimir Lenin, promised that if he were elected to a position of power, he would remove Russian forces from the war. After winning the election in November
1917, Lenin pursued an armistice with Germany. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, and Russia was no longer a combatant nation. The treaty granted the Central Powers control of territory
that included Finland and the Baltic provinces.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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THE UNITED STATESENTERS WORLD WAR I
an American doughboy circa 1918
United States President Woodrow Wilson announces
a break in diplomatic relations with Germany on
February 3, 1917.
Originally, the United States pursued a policy of isolationism. After a German U-boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, President Woodrow Wilson
demanded Germany end attacks on passenger ships. The British Royal Navy then intercepted the Zimmerman
telegram in which a German diplomat encouraged Mexican officials to ally with German if the United States declared war on Germany. These events as well as the sinking of
American merchant ships led the United States Congress to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.
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BATTLESThird Battle of Aisne
May 27–June 6, 1918
The Third Battle of Aisne featured the main goal of the Germans to
capture the Chemin des Dames Ridge before the Americans, who had just joined the Allies, arrived in Europe. The German army fought strongly
against the English and French armies that tried to stop their
offensive. Although close to victory, German soldiers were fatigued and they suffered enormous numbers of casualties. As a result, the Germans halted their advance and regrouped. This map depicts the Western Front on
July 15, 1918
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BATTLESBattle of Hamel
July 4, 1918
In the Battle of Hamel, Allied forces under Lieutenant General Josh
Monash’s command utilized new tactics that enabled them to win the battle within ninety minutes. This
battle also featured new technology; soldiers parachuted into enemy
grounds. This took their adversaries by surprise and disrupted the Central
Powers’ defensive strategy. In addition, Allied forces coordinated their attacks to weaken the Central
Powers’ defenses.American and Australian soldiers prepare for
battle in the trenches.
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BATTLESSecond Battle of Marne
July 15–August 5, 1918
The Second Battle of Marne was the last major offensive along the
Western Front. The French countered the German advance. More than
168,000 German soldiers were killed. The Army of the Allied Powers
continued to launch attacks on the Germans and forced they to retreat. The German defeat halted a planned
German invasion of Flanders.
The Allied Powers are indicated with green; the Central Powers are indicated with orange.
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BATTLESBattle of Amiens
August 8–11, 1918
The Battle of Amiens began the Hundred Days Offensive, an Allied Powers’ effort to end World War I quickly. During this battle, many German soldiers surrendered. In
addition, the Allied Powers advanced seven miles on the first day of the battle. Erich Ludendorff, a Central Powers commander, stated that this
battle was a “black day of the German Army.” The battle also ended trench
warfare on the Western Front.Amiens, 1918
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BATTLESThe Meuse-Argonne Offensive
September 26–November 11, 1918
Also known as the Battle of the Argonne Forest, this was the final
offensive of World War I. The United States, along with the Allied Powers, organized an offensive of
three phases. In each phase the Allies would push back the German army
until it was decimated. These phases continued until the Germans
surrendered, and the Allied Powers were victorious.
Hill 223 was one of the areas the Allied Powers Army captured during this offensive.
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BATTLESBattle of Canal du Nord
September 27, 1918
The Battle of Canal du Nord was one of the battles during the Hundred
Days Offensive. During this battle, four divisions of the Canadian Corps attacked the Germans. Their attack surprised and quickly defeated the
German forces. Many German defending the Canal du Nord
retreated, were captured, or killed. The Allied victory at Canal du Nord
created a decisive opening for the march into Cambrai.
Canadian engineers built a bridge across the Canal du Nord.
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BATTLESBattle of Vittorio Veneto
October 23–November 3, 1918
The Italian army was successful in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. This
Italian victory caused the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian army. With the Austrian-Hungarians defeated,
the Italian Front of World War I was closed. The Austro-Hungarian
Empire was also destroyed. With its greatest ally defeated, Germany had no military support to open another
front to the south.
Battle of Vittorio Veneto in northeastern Italy
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ARMISTICE ENDS THE WAR
After a three days of negotiations, representatives of the Allied Powers and
Germany signed the armistice on a railway carriage in Compiegne Forest on November 11, 1918. The expression “the eleventh of the eleventh of the eleventh” is derived from this date. The armistice went into effect at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month.
According to the armistice, German troops were to leave Belgium, France, and the eastern bank of the Rhine. The
remainder of the German fleet was forced to surrender its weapons and ships to the Allied Powers. Germany also was forced to renounce its peace treaties with Russia
and Romania. The armistice was reached on
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THE TREATYOF VERSAILLES
David Lloyd George (United Kingdom), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Georges
Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson (United States)
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War I. It was signed on June 28,
1919, at the Paris Peace Conference even though the armistice had been in place
since November 11, 1918. Germany and its allies were required to accept full
responsibility for World War I. Germany was required to disarm and concede any territorial gains made during the war. In addition, Germany was required to pay reparations to any countries it damaged
during the war.
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AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR I
future Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler
In the aftermath of World War I, other conflicts that were a direct result of the war took place. Germans believed the
Treaty of Versailles was unfairly punitive. Adolf Hitler gained
popularity in Germany when he urged Germans to fight the injustices
imposed on them after World War I.
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire caused conflicts as nations sought to control territory in the Middle East.
These conflict would intensify throughout the twentieth century and
into the twenty-first century.
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