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Causes of WWI
1. Nationalism caused intense competition by the turn of the 20th century among Europe’s Great Powers for industrialdominance and power– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Great Britain– Russia, – Italy, – France
Causes of WWI
2. Imperialism intensified European nations’ sense of rivalry and mistrust toward one another as they competed for colonies in Asia and Africa
Causes of WWI
3. Militarism led to an arms race and formation of large standing armies and, eventually, to military alliances
Causes of WWI
4. Triple Alliance (1882)• created an unstable and fragile alliance that
tried to isolate France• Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy
Causes of WWI
5. Triple Entente (1907)Established two rival campsin Europe—Triple Allianceand Triple Entente—thatcreated the possibility thatany dispute between tworival powers could draw theentire continent into war.
A Russian poster depicting Triple Entente
Causes of World War I
• 6. Assassination inSarajevo provided AustriaHungary with an excuse tolaunch war on Serbia,leading to a confrontationbetween
Austria and RussiaGavrilo Princip ran to the car and shot the
couple to death. The assassin was a member of a Serbian nationalist group nicknamed the "Black Hand". The Black Hand
Causes of WWI: Kaiser Wilhelm IIWho was Kaiser Wilhelm? The German ruler who • forced Bismarck to resign,• allowed the German-
Russian treaty to lapse (leading to the formation of a Franco-Russian alliance), and
• built up the German navy to challenge Britain (leading to the formation of the TripleEntente).
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War Consumes Europe
CAUSE1. Russia mobilizes along the
German border.2. Germany invades Belgium
to get to France.
EFFECTGermany declares war on Russia and on France
Britain declares war on Germany;
Italy joins the Triple Entente, arguing that the unprovoked attack allowed it to divorce itself from its old ally Germany.
War Consumes Europe
CAUSE
3. The Allies defeat the Germans in the Battle of the Marne
EFFECT• The Allies’ victory destroys
Germany’s hopes for a quick victory in the west,
• and suggests that Germany may have to fight a long war on two fronts.
War Consumes EuropeCAUSE
4. Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and airplanes are used in battles along the Western Front.
EFFECT
• The new technology turns the Western Front into a horrible and horrifying “terrain of death” in which huge numbers of soldiers to die.
WWI Weapons
War Consumes Europe
CAUSE5. Russian forces attack both
Austria and Germany.
6. The Allies are unable to ship war supplies to Russia’s ports.
EFFECTGermany counterattacks, forcesRussian forces to retreat, andRegains East Prussia. Austrianforces drive the Russians out ofAustria-Hungary.6. Because Russia is notindustrialized, its war effort isshort of supplies and nearcollapse.
War Consumes Europe B) Schlieffen Plan: German plan for a two-front war in which the German army
would quickly defeat theFrench in the west and then race east to defeat the Russians
Central Powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and later Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, and later Japan and Italy
Western Front: deadlocked region in northern France
Trench warfare: type of warfare in which soldiers fought each other fromtrenches, leading to huge losses for small land gains
Eastern Front: stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian borderwhere Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks
War Affects the World
Feb 1915: 1. What was the purpose of the Gallipoli campaign?
• The Allies believed that if they could– Take Constantinople, – defeat the Turks, and– establish a supply line to
Russia Gallipoli movie trailerAmy Winehouse song Back to Black
Unrestricted German submarine warfare
The Sinking of the Lusitania May 17, 19151198 people drowned, including 128 Americans.
BRITISH INTERCEPT THE ZIMMERMAN NOTE FEBRUARY 1917
Germans offered Mexico land in Texas
Mexico ignored the note
War Affects the World
April 1917 • 2. Why did the United
States enter the war?
a) public outrage overGermany’s unrestrictedSubmarine warfare b) the Zimmermann note,c) traditional bonds between
Americans and English,d) reports of German war
atrocities, and e) most importantly, strong economic ties with Allies
War Affects the World
3. Why did the Czar of Russia’s government collapse?
Czar Nicholas abdicatedwhen he was faced with civil unrest due in part to• wartime shortages,• the refusal of the army
to continue fighting, and the
• prospect of revolution
Russian crowd rejoices when Czar Nicholas abdicates, March 15, 1917.
War Affects the World• November 17, 1917
Lenin seizes power in Russia
• March 1918Germany and Russia sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
4. What were the terms of this treaty?
• The treaty ended the war between Russia and Germany; the
• Russian government to surrendered lands to Germany: – Latvia,– Lithuania– Estonia– Ukraine– Poland,– Finland
War Affects the World• July 1918 Allies and
Germans fight Second Battle of the Marne.
5. What was the significance of this battle?
• The German war effort had exhausted both men and supplies;
• more than two million American troops took part in this battle;
• Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany and
• the Central Powers began to crumble
War Affects The World
November 1918 War Ends6. What events signaled
the final defeat of the Central Powers?
• surrender of Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks;
• revolution in Austria-Hungary;
• mutiny in Germany and• forced resignation of
Kaiser
War Affects the World• Unrestricted submarine warfare: German policy
under which submarines would sink any ship (in waters around Britain) without warning
• Total war: situation in which countries devote all their resources to the war effort
• Rationing: system in which people can buy only small amounts of items needed for the war effort
• Propaganda: one-sided information designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support for the war
• Armistice: an agreement to stop fighting
A Flawed Peace1) Woodrow Wilson’s concerns (14 points) • a just and lasting peace achieved by ending secret treaties; • freedom of the seas, free trade, and reduced national
armies and navies;• adjustment of colo- nial claims with fairness toward
colonial peoples; granting self-determination;• establishing a world peace organization2. Britain and France were concerned with • national security, • Stripping Germany of its war-making power, and• punishing Germany.
A Flawed Peace• 3. . Germany lost substantial territory, had severe
restrictions placed on its military operations, and was forced to acknowledge “war guilt” and pay reparations to the Allies.
• 4. New countries were created from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire; Ottoman lands in southwest Asia were carved up into mandates rather than independent nations;
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania became independent nations;
• Poland and Romania gained Russian territory.
A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of Versailles
5. The treaty created the League of Nations, an international association whose goal was to keep peace among nations.
6. Many Americans objected to the League of Nations, believing that the United States should stay out of European affairs.
7. Without U.S. support, the League of Nations was unable to take action on various complaints of nations aroundthe world.
A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of Versailles
8. Why did many countries feel bitter and cheated as a result of the treaty?
• The war guilt clause left a legacy of hatred among the Germans;
• Africans and Asians were angry that their desire for independence was ignored;
• Japanese and Italians gained less land than they wanted.
A Flawed PeaceThe Paris Peace Conference. • Woodrow Wilson of the United States,• Georges Clemenceau of France, and• David Lloyd George of Great Britain• Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Self-determination: the idea that peoples should decide for themselves towhat nation they would belong
League of Nations: an international association created by the Treaty ofVersailles that was intended to keep peace among nations
Mandate: territory to be administered by the League of Nations until judgedready for independence
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