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Causes for War• Imperialism- Rivalries among
European Nations
• Nationalism- Ethnic Troubles in the Balkans
• Militarism- Conscription & Military Growth
Problems in Serbia• Russia controlled
Serbia• Demand for an
independent Slavik State in the Balkans• Other nations saw
this as a threat
The Triple Alliance• Formed in 1882• The “Bad Guys”• Aka “Central Powers”• Includes:
–1. Germany–2. Austria-Hungary–3. Italy
The Triple Entente• Formed in 1907• The “Good Guys”• Aka “The Allies”• Includes:
–1. France–2. Great Britain–3. Russia–4. The United States (1915)
A Royal Assassination• June 28, 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia• Archduke Francis Ferdinand &
pregnant wife Sophia killed• The Black Hand- Serbian Terrorists• Gavrilo Princip- the assassin• Increased tensions between Serbia,
Austria-Hungary, and Russia
Mobilization for War
• Emperor William II gives “full support” to Austria-Hungary
• Czar Nicholas II mobilizes Russian Army
• Considered an Act of War
• Aug. 1, 1914 Germany declares war against Russia
War Propaganda
• Used by Governments
• Influenced public opinion
• Built up nationalism
• “War will be over by Christmas”
The Schlieffen Plan• Gen. Alfred von
Schlieffen• German Plan for 2
front war• Rapid invasion of
France in West• Fight Russia in the
East
The Western Front & Trench Warfare
• War of Attrition- wear down the enemy• Trenches dug, reinforced w/ wood &
barbed wire• “War of inches”• Battle of Verdun:
– France– 10 months long– Over 700,000 dead
Eastern Front• Against Russia • More mobile fighting• Equally as costly in
lives• 2.5 million Russians
killed, captured, & lost• Success of Central
Powers in East allowed them to focus on Western Front
The Lusitania
• May 7, 1915
• British passenger ship
• Sunk by Germans near Ireland
• 1,100 killed 100 Americans
• Accused of carrying weapons
• Increases U.S. involvement
The War Widens• War spreads from Ottoman Empire
into the Middle East
• Lawrence of Arabia- British officer
• Encouraged revolts against Arab princes
• German islands in Pacific taken by Allies
The U.S. Enters the War• Germans doubted U.S.
involvement• U.S. enters in April 1917• Psychological boost to Allies• Increased money, goods, &
soldiers
Impact on the Home Front
• Total War- complete mobilization of resources and people
• Government powers expand
• DORA Act passed- protestors = traitors
• Women’s role drastically increased
• Began fight for women’s rights
Russia Approaches Revolution
• Ruled by Czars
• Czar Nicholas II
takes over military
• Military & Economic disasters
• Grigori Rasputin- Siberian Holy man
–Assassinated Dec. 1916
End of The Romanov Dynasty
• 300 year old Dynasty
• Alexis- heir to throne & hemophiliac
• Rasputin only person able to heal Alexis
• March Revolution led to fall of dynasty
The March Revolution• March 8, 1917• 10,000 march at Petrograd• Demand “Peace and Bread”• Duma- Legislative body
dissolved• Czar Nicholas II forced to step
down• Soviets- worker and soldier
representatives in government
Rise of Communism• Bolsheviks- Russian
Social Democrats• Radically interested in
the lower class• Lead by Lenin• Grew from 50,000 to
240,000 members• Seized control of govt.
Triumph of the Communists• Bolsheviks renamed
Communists• July 16, 1918 Czar Nicholas
& family killed• Leon Trotsky- organized
Red Army• War Communism- Govt
control of banks and industries
• 1921-Communists in complete control of Russia
End of the War• 1917 tough year for the
Allies• March 1918 Germans
launch final offensive• Sept. 1918 Germans
declare war lost• Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice
Day- end of war
The Peace Settlements• 27 Allied nations meet in
Paris in 1919• U.S. President Woodrow
Wilson proposes “Fourteen Point Plan” to Congress
• The Paris Peace Conference– Big 3- Great Britain,
France, U.S. • League of Nations
approved Jan. 25, 1919
The Treaty of Versailles
• Signed June 28, 1919
• Composed of 5 separate treaties
• “War Guilt” clause for Germany
• German military greatly reduced
• Reparations- Germany ordered to pay $33 Billion over 30 years
Results of WWI
• Eastern Europe Map redrawn
• Many Ethnic minorities created
• Russia is Communist
• Ottoman Empire gone
• Mandates by League of Nations
–France: Lebanon & Syria
–Great Britain: Iraq and Palestine
Legacy of WWI
• Over 10 million Dead• Total War- affected millions more• Freedom of press & speech
reduced• Strong Central Govts. created• Devastation of European
landscape
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