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Defining TerrorismDefining Terrorism
1.1. Political AgendaPolitical Agenda
2.2. Violence as the methodViolence as the method
3.3. Civilians as TargetsCivilians as Targets
4.4. PublicityPublicity
5.5. Non-State Actors?Non-State Actors?
1. Political Agenda1. Political Agenda
HAMAS HAMAS Covenant (Islamic (Islamic Resistance Movement)Resistance Movement)
Sinn Fein home page (political home page (political wing of Provisional Irish wing of Provisional Irish Republican Army)Republican Army)
Hizbollah home page Hizbollah home page (English) AQAM 1996 fatwa AQAM 1998 fatwa
2. Violence: The Terrorist “Logic”2. Violence: The Terrorist “Logic”
Assumption: You cannot beat the enemy Assumption: You cannot beat the enemy in a direct fight, so…in a direct fight, so…
Terrorist Violence
Publicizes a political
agenda
Causes pain and fear
in targeted audience
Public demands change in gov’t policy
Coercion of gov’t;
pressure to change policy
Change in
gov’t policy
The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004 Spain supports US in IraqSpain supports US in Iraq People’s Party in favor of People’s Party in favor of
Spanish interventionSpanish intervention Socialist Worker’s Party wants to Socialist Worker’s Party wants to
withdraw;withdraw; AQ warns Spain to leave or face AQ warns Spain to leave or face
reprisal; reprisal; Parliamentary elections on 3/14; Parliamentary elections on 3/14; PP favoredPP favored
The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004
March 11 attack on
train station;200 killed;
1400 wounded
Debate on Spanish
Iraq policy takes
center stage
Electoral Surprise;PP loses; Worker’s Party wins
PP blames ETA; fears linkage of
bombs to Iraq policy
New gov’tled by
Worker’s Party
Changes policy
Voters fear more reprisals
Terrorist Strategic StudiesTerrorist Strategic Studies IRA IRA Green Book (1956/1977) (1956/1977) Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, ,
Carlos Marighella, 1969 Carlos Marighella, 1969 The Urban Guerilla Concept April April
1971 (Red Army Faction)1971 (Red Army Faction) Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of
Savagery (AQAM)Savagery (AQAM) Manchester Manual 1990s (AQAM)Manchester Manual 1990s (AQAM)
3. Target Civilians3. Target Civilians Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2003Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2003
Typology?Typology?
1.1. IdeologicalIdeological
2.2. EthnonationalistEthnonationalist
3.3. Narco-TerrorismNarco-Terrorism
4.4. Religious Religious nationalism/extremismnationalism/extremism
Current TrendsCurrent Trends
1.1. Religious MotivationReligious Motivation1.1. PLO Charter vs. Hamas CharterPLO Charter vs. Hamas Charter
2.2. WMDWMD
3.3. GlobalizationGlobalization
4.4. Independence of Terrorist Independence of Terrorist GroupsGroups
Two Basic IssuesTwo Basic Issues
1.1. Does it Work?Does it Work?
2.2. Means and Ends?Means and Ends?
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