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World Trade Center Health Program
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
World Trade Center Chemicals of Potential Concern and Selected Other Chemical AgentsSummary of Cancer Classifications by the National Toxicology Program and International Agency for Research on Cancer
World Trade Center Health Programii World Trade Center Health Program iii
This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.
DisclaimerMention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring or-ganizations or their programs or products. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites.
Ordering InformationTo receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at
Telephone: 1–800–CDC–INFOTTY: 888–533–8573E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov
or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh.
For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews at www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2012–1115
February 2012
Safer • Healthier • PeopleTM
World Trade Center Health Programii World Trade Center Health Program iii
Acknowledgments
This summary of cancer classifications for agents identified by the Environmental Pro-tection Agency as Contaminants of Potential Concern and select other agents was re-searched and developed by members of the World Trade Center Health Program Can-cer Working Group:
Paul J. Middendorf, PhD, CIH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Robert E. McCleery, MSPH, CIH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Appreciation is expressed to the following individuals for their review of this summary for the WTC Health Program:
Richard Niemeier, PhD National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
John Piacentino, MD, MPH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Elizabeth Whelan, PhD National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
World Trade Center Health Program v
Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viI. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1II. National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens . . . . . . . . . . 5III. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs . . . . . . . . . 7IV. Summary of Cancer Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 1. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select other Agents as IARC Group 1—Carcinogenic to Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 2. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select other Agents as IARC Group 2A—Probably Carcinogenic to Humans . . . . . . 25
Table 3. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select other Agents as IARC Group 2B—Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
World Trade Center Health Programvi World Trade Center Health Program 1
Abbreviations
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryCOPC chemicals of potential concernEPA Environmental Protection AgencyIARC International Agency for Research on CancerNL not listedNTP National Toxicology ProgramNYCDOHMH New York City Department of Health and Mental HygienePAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonRoC National Toxicology Program Report on Cancersyn synonymTEQ dioxin toxic equivalentWTC World Trade Center
World Trade Center Health Programvi World Trade Center Health Program 1
I. Introduction
The James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, Public Law 111-347, Title XXXIII of the Public Health Service Act, 124 Stat. 3623 (codified at 42 United States Code section 300mm–300mm-61), requires the Administrator of the World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program to
“periodically conduct a review of all available scientific and medical evidence, in-cluding findings and recommendations of Clinical Centers of Excellence, published in peer-reviewed journals to determine if, based on such evidence, cancer or a certain type of cancer should be added to the applicable list of WTC-related health conditions.” 42 U.S.C. sec. 300mm-22(a)(5)(A).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) presented the first periodic review of cancer for the WTC Health Program in July 2011. This review includ-ed findings from the peer-reviewed scientific and medical literature about exposures and cancer resulting from the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks [NIOSH 2011]. The Exposure section of the first periodic review provided an initial list of agents detected in the area around the World Trade Center (WTC) during the disaster response and recov-ery periods. The Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPC) Committee of the World Trade Center Indoor Air Task Force Working Group1 developed the initial list from the chemicals identified in air sample testing results included in four databases [COPC Committee 2003]. The committee used this list to select COPCs and set health-based benchmarks for indoor environments. The four data sources were the
•Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 2 database of environmental sampling results, which contains more than 200,000 records on sampling results for 137 agents2;
•New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDOHMH)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) public health inves-tigation database, which includes results from Lower Manhattan samples of six minerals, 354 air samples from residential buildings, and 32 samples of fibers col-lected outdoors and analyzed by phase contrast microscopy3;
1 http://www.tera.org/peer/WTC/COPC%20-%20Benchmark%20Report%20with%20appendices.pdf. Note that this is a large database assembled by the USEPA and centralizes exposure measurements from many different entities.
2 Only confirmed compounds were included in this list. Measurements for the dioxin and furan compounds were considered one contaminant in this tally and were screened by means of a TEQ analysis. TEQ is a dioxin toxic equivalent, calculated relative to the most toxic form of dioxin (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin). Measurements for asbestos were not differentiated by the asbestos minerals, although measurements used different analytical methods and counted different subsets of fiber types and sizes. All measurements for polychlorinated biphenyls were considered one contaminant, although the studies reported concentrations under several different groupings of congeners (e.g., total polychlorinated biphenyls, Aroclors).
3 These data are described in a 2002 report: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), New York
World Trade Center Health Program2 World Trade Center Health Program 3
•New York City Department of Education findings from sampling in schools, which involved samples collected both indoors and outdoors from six schools between September 2001 and June 2002 and includes more than 30,000 records of air sampling results for more than 70 agents; and
•Chatfield and Kominsky’s4 survey of indoor air quality.
A total of 287 chemicals or chemical groups were identified from the report [COPC Committee 2003], and each of them was checked against (1) the United States National Toxicology Program (NTP) 12th Report on Carcinogens (RoC)5 [NTP 2011] and (2) the United Nations International Agency on Research on Cancer (IARC) list of agents and documented in the IARC monographs, Volumes 1–102 [IARC 2006]. The list and cancer designations of these chemicals were provided in Appendix E of the First Peri-odic Review of Scientific and Medical Evidence Related to Cancer for the World Trade Center Health Program [NIOSH 2011].
In addition to the agents identified by the COPC Committee [COPC 2003], several other agents of potential concern have been included because of the potential for wide-spread exposure. In particular, the fires at the WTC site produced over an extended period of time substantial amounts of combustion products from building materials, including wood and plastics. Also, a large number of trucks, many of which run on diesel fuels, were used at the WTC site. These trucks likely produced large quantities of diesel particulates, which were discharged into the air at and around the WTC site. Be-cause of the potential exposure of rescue and recovery workers, as well as workers and residents in area buildings, to soot, biomass fuel, and diesel particulates, these are in-cluded with the COPC agents identified by EPA. Tables 1, 2, and 3 (Section IV) provide the cancer classifications of NTP and IARC and expand upon the information provided in the first periodic report by providing a summary of the basis for the IARC classifica-tion. NTP and IARC do not address decomposition products from plastics as a group; they are addressed only as individual compounds. Therefore, the individual compounds from thermal decomposition of plastics that were identified by the COPC Committee are included in the tables.
A summary of the studies cited in the IARC monographs is provided in Section IV. Hyperlinks to the NTP Report on Carcinogens and the IARC monographs are provided as well. The agents identified as COPC and other select agents are grouped according to their IARC designation as Group 1, 2A, or 2B. Agents categorized by IARC as Group 3
City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDOHMH) [2002]. Final Technical Report of the Public Health Investigation to Assess Potential Exposures to Airborne and Settled Surface Dust in Residential Areas of Lower Manhattan. September 2002.
4 These data are described in a 2001 report: Chattfield EJ, Kominsky JR [2001]. Summary Report: Characterization of Particulate Found in Apartments After Destruction of the World Trade Center. Report Requested by “Ground Zero” Elected Officials Task Force.
5 http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=03C9AF75-E1BF-FF40-DBA9EC0928DF8B15
World Trade Center Health Program2 World Trade Center Health Program 3
or Group 4 are not summarized because they are not expected to contribute to potential cancer outcomes among the rescue and recovery workers and the survivors. Descrip-tions of uncategorized agents are not available in the IARC Monographs. A total of 63 agents are included from the original list of 287 COPCs, and the additional three agents (soot, biomass fuel, and diesel) have been added.
World Trade Center Health Program 5
II. National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens
The NTP RoC [NTP 2011] considers evidence such as data from traditional cancer epidemiology studies, clinical studies, and studies of tissues or cells (from humans ex-posed to the substances in question) that can be useful for evaluating whether a relevant cancer mechanism is operating in people. The RoC does not present quantitative assess-ments of the risks of cancer associated with these substances. Thus, listing of substances in the RoC indicates only a potential hazard and does not establish the exposure con-ditions that would pose cancer risks to individuals in their daily lives. The criteria for listing an agent, substance, mixture, or exposure circumstance in the RoC are as follows:
Known to be a human carcinogen (Category A)There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and indi-cates a causal relationship between exposure to the agent, substance, or mixture, and human cancer.
Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (Category B)There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, and indicates that causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors, could not adequately be excluded; or
There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental ani-mals, which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and/or a combi-nation of malignant and benign tumors (1) in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, (2) by multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or type of tumor, or age at onset;
or
There is less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals; however, the agent, substance, or mixture belongs to a well-defined, struc-turally related class of substances whose members are listed in a previous RoC as either known to be a human carcinogen or reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, or there is convincing relevant information that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating it would likely cause cancer in humans.
The NTP RoC identifies and discusses agents, substances, mixtures, or exposure cir-cumstances that may pose a hazard to human health by virtue of their carcinogenicity. The RoC serves as a meaningful and useful compilation of data on the following:
•Carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and biologic mechanisms of the listed substance in humans and/or animals;
World Trade Center Health Program6 World Trade Center Health Program 7
•Potential for human exposure to these substances; and •Federal regulations to limit exposures.
NTP conclusions regarding carcinogenicity in humans or experimental animals are based on scientific judgment, with consideration given to all relevant information. Relevant information includes but is not limited to dose–response, route of exposure, chemical structure, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, sensitive subpopulations, genetic effects, or other data relating to mechanism of action or factors that may be unique to a given substance. For example, there may be substances for which there is evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals, but there are compelling data indicating that the agent acts through mechanisms which do not operate in humans and would therefore not reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer in humans.
World Trade Center Health Program6 World Trade Center Health Program 7
III. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs
The categorization of the carcinogenic potential of an agent is a matter of scientific judgment that reflects the strength of the evidence derived from studies in humans and in experimental animals and from mechanistic and other relevant data. IARC working groups consider the body of evidence as a whole to reach an overall evaluation of the carcinogenicity of the agent to humans. The working groups also strive to achieve a broad consensus evaluation but not necessarily unanimity.
IARC classifies the evidence relevant to carcinogenicity from studies in humans accord-ing to the following categories: (1) sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity; (2) limited evidence of carcinogenicity; (3) inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity; and (4) evi-dence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity. In addition to the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies, the IARC working groups consider mechanistic and other evidence judged to be relevant to an evaluation of carcinogenicity and of sufficient importance to affect the overall evaluation. This may include data on pre-neoplastic lesions, tumor pathology, genetic and related effects, structure–activity relationships, metabolism and toxicokinetics, physicochemical parameters, and analogous biological agents. This information is not summarized in the Tables I, II, and III but can be found in the monographs by means of the hyperlinks provided.
The working groups make scientific judgments to classify agents based on the strength of the evidence as a whole, and they classify them according to the five categories below. Agents that have not been reviewed are not listed by IARC.
Group 1—Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in hu-mans. Exceptionally, an agent may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient, but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that carcinogenicity acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.
Group 2A—Probably Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimen-tal animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mecha-nism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be classified in
World Trade Center Health Program8 World Trade Center Health Program 9
this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. An agent may be assigned to this category if it clearly belongs, based on mechanis-tic considerations, to a class of agents for which one of more members have been classified in Group 1 or in Group 2A.
Group 2B—Possibly Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used for agents for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenic-ity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenic-ity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent for which there is inad-equate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, together with supporting evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data, may be placed in this group. An agent may be classified in this category solely on the basis of strong evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data.
Group 3—Not Classifiable as to Its Carcinogenicity to HumansThis category is used most commonly for agents for which the evidence of carci-nogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inad-equate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category. An evaluation in Group 3 is not a determination of non-carcinogenicity or overall safety. It often means that further research is needed, especially when exposures are widespread or the cancer data are consistent with differing interpretations.
Group 4—Probably Not Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used for agents for which there is evidence suggesting lack of carci-nogenicity in humans and in experimental animals. In some instances, agents for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but evidence sug-gesting lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, consistently and strongly supported by a broad range of mechanistic and other relevant data, may be classi-fied in this group.
World Trade Center Health Program8 World Trade Center Health Program 9
IV. Summary of Cancer Classifications
Table 1. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select Other Agents as IARC Group 1—Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in ex-perimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.
World Trade Center Health Program10
Cate
gory
Sum
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and
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ca
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ixed
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ant
hoph
yllit
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d sm
all a
mou
nts
of c
hrys
otile
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1.
Sum
mar
y of
cla
ssifi
catio
n ba
sis
for C
OPC
and
sel
ect o
ther
age
nts
as IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 11
Cate
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Sum
mar
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IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
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Rou
te o
f ad
min
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g ac
tivity
hum
an
mes
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liom
as h
ave
been
obs
erve
d af
ter o
ccup
atio
nal e
xpos
ure
to c
roci
dolit
e, a
mos
ite, t
rem
oliti
c m
ater
ial a
nd c
hrys
otile
asb
es-
tos.
Gas
troin
test
inal
can
cers
occ
urre
d at
an
incr
ease
d in
cide
nce
in g
roup
s oc
cupa
tiona
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xpos
ed to
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cido
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osite
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ixed
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inha
latio
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mol
ite
prod
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mes
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liom
as a
nd lu
ng c
arci
nom
as in
rats
m
ouse
intra
perit
onea
l ch
ryso
tile,
cro
cido
lite
and
amos
ite in
duce
d pe
riton
eal t
umor
s,
incl
udin
g m
esot
helio
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rat
intra
perit
onea
l ch
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cro
cido
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aden
omat
ous
poly
ps o
f the
la
rge
inte
stin
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mal
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teric
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of c
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ifica
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basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
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IA
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Gro
up 1
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rcin
ogen
ic to
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ans
World Trade Center Health Program12
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
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s on
can
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Spec
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ious
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ccas
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ar tu
mor
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subc
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mou
seIn
tratra
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still
atio
nbe
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mal
igna
nt re
spira
tory
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ors
rat
Intra
trach
eal
inst
illat
ion
beni
gn a
nd m
alig
nant
resp
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ry tu
mor
s
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 13
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
ham
ster
Intra
trach
eal
inst
illat
ion
beni
gn a
nd m
alig
nant
resp
irato
ry tu
mor
s
mou
sega
vage
or d
iet
lung
, for
esto
mac
h, li
ver,
lym
phor
etic
ular
tiss
ue, e
soph
agus
, an
d to
ngue
rats
gava
ge o
r die
tlu
ng, f
ores
tom
ach,
live
r, ly
mph
oret
icul
ar ti
ssue
, eso
phag
us,
and
tong
uem
ouse
oral
lym
phom
asm
ouse
(tr
ansg
enic
)ga
vage
sple
nic
lym
phom
as a
nd fo
rest
omac
h
mou
se
(tran
sgen
ic)
diet
fore
stom
ach
tum
ors
rat
inje
ctio
n in
lung
mal
igna
nt lu
ng tu
mor
sha
mst
ers
inha
latio
nM
ales
: pol
yps,
pap
illom
as, s
quam
ous-
cell
carc
inom
as o
f upp
er
resp
. tra
ct a
nd u
pper
dig
estiv
e tra
ctha
mst
erap
plic
atio
n to
bu
ccal
pou
ch
muc
osa
Mal
es: f
ores
tom
ach
papi
llom
as
rat
subc
utan
eous
tra
chea
l gra
ftssq
uam
ous
cell
carc
inom
as
rat
intra
mam
illar
ybe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt m
amm
ary
glan
d tu
mor
sm
ouse
intra
colo
nic
inst
illat
ion
beni
gn a
nd m
alig
nant
in v
ario
us o
rgan
s, n
ot c
olon
ic tu
mor
s
Ber
ylliu
m1
A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/B
eryl
lium
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program14
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol5
8/m
ono5
8-6.
hum
an
lung
can
cer
rats
inha
latio
nm
alig
nant
and
ben
ign
lung
tum
ors
rats
intra
trach
eal
inst
illat
ion
lung
tum
ors
- ade
nom
as a
nd a
deno
carc
inom
as
rats
inha
latio
nlu
ng tu
mor
s - a
deno
carc
inom
asra
tsin
hala
tion
mal
igna
nt e
pith
elia
l lun
g tu
mor
sra
tin
tratra
chea
l in
still
atio
nlu
ng a
deno
carc
inom
as a
nd a
deno
mas
; mal
igna
nt lu
ng tu
mor
s
rabb
itIV
inje
ctio
nos
teos
arco
mas
rabb
itim
plan
tatio
n or
in
ject
ion
into
bo
ne
oste
osar
com
as
1,3-
But
adie
ne1
A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/B
utad
iene
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol9
7/m
ono9
7.pd
fhu
man
le
ukem
ia a
nd n
on-H
odgk
in ly
mph
oma
mou
sein
hala
tion
Mal
es: l
ymph
oma
and
neop
lasm
s of
the
hear
t, lu
ng, f
ores
tom
-ac
h, li
ver,
Har
deria
n gl
and,
pre
putia
l gla
nd a
nd k
idne
ym
ouse
inha
latio
nFe
mal
es: l
ymph
omas
and
neo
plas
ms
of th
e he
art,
lung
, for
e-st
omac
h, li
ver,
Har
deria
n gl
and,
ova
ry a
nd m
amm
ary
glan
dra
tin
hala
tion
Mal
es: p
ancr
eatic
exo
crin
e ad
enom
as a
nd c
arci
nom
as a
nd
inte
rstit
ial-c
ell t
umor
s of
the
test
is(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 15
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
rat
inha
latio
nFe
mal
es: t
hyro
id fo
llicu
lar-c
ell t
umor
s, u
terin
e sa
rcom
as,
Zym
bal g
land
car
cino
mas
and
ben
ign
and
mal
igna
nt m
amm
ary
tum
ors
Cadm
ium
and
co
mpo
unds
1A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/C
adm
ium
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol5
8/m
ono5
8-7E
hum
an
lung
can
cer
mou
seor
alin
adeq
uate
for e
valu
atio
nra
tor
alM
ales
: leu
kem
ia, i
nter
stiti
al c
ell t
umor
s of
the
test
is, p
rolif
era-
tive
lesi
ons
of th
e pr
osta
teCd
chl
orid
e, C
d su
lfide
/sul
fate
, Cd
sulfa
te
and
Cd o
xide
fum
e an
d du
stm
ouse
inha
latio
nso
me
grou
ps e
xpos
ed to
cad
miu
m o
xide
fum
e or
dus
t had
in
crea
sed
inci
denc
es o
f lun
g tu
mor
sha
mst
erin
hala
tion
no in
crea
se in
the
inci
denc
e of
lung
tum
ors
rat
inha
latio
nm
alig
nant
lung
tum
ors
Cd s
ulfid
era
tin
trape
riton
eal
mal
igna
nt tu
mor
s w
ithin
the
perit
onea
l cav
ity.
Cd c
hlor
ide,
Cd
sulfi
dera
tin
tratra
chea
l in
still
atio
nm
alig
nant
pul
mon
ary
tum
ors
Cd c
hlor
ide,
Cd
sulfi
de/s
ulfa
te,
Cd-c
onta
inin
g ra
t liv
er fe
rriti
n ra
tsu
bcut
aneo
us
inje
ctio
nlo
cal s
arco
mas
Cd p
owde
r, Cd
chl
orid
e an
d Cd
sul
fide
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l sar
com
as
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program16
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
Cd c
hlor
ide
rat
subc
utan
eous
tum
ors
of th
e pr
osta
teCd
chl
orid
e m
ouse
subc
utan
eous
test
icul
ar in
ters
titia
l tum
ors
Cd p
owde
r, Cd
chl
orid
e, C
d su
lfide
ra
tsu
bcut
aneo
us
inje
ctio
nlo
cal s
arco
mas
; tes
ticul
ar in
ters
titia
l tum
ors
Cd c
hlor
ide
ra
tin
ject
ion
into
pr
osta
tem
alig
nant
pro
stat
ic tu
mor
s
Chro
miu
m V
I1
A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/C
hrom
ium
Hex
aval
entC
ompo
unds
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol4
9/m
ono4
9-6.
hum
an
lung
can
cer;
sino
nasa
l can
cer
Calc
ium
chr
omat
em
ouse
inha
latio
nlu
ng a
deno
mas
bor
derli
ne s
igni
fican
tra
tin
tratra
chea
l in
still
atio
nlu
ng tu
mor
s
ham
ster
intra
trach
eal
inst
illat
ion
no lu
ng tu
mor
s
rat
intra
bron
chia
llu
ng tu
mor
sra
tin
trapl
eura
llo
cal t
umor
sm
ouse
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l tum
ors
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l tum
ors
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 17
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
Chro
miu
m T
rioxi
de (c
hrom
ic a
cid)
mou
sein
hala
tion
low
inci
denc
e of
lung
ade
nom
as a
t hig
her d
ose;
nas
al p
apill
o-m
as a
t low
er d
ose
rat
intra
bron
chia
l im
plan
tatio
nfe
w lu
ng tu
mor
s
Sodi
um d
ichr
omat
era
tin
hala
tion
lung
tum
ors,
ben
ign
and
mal
igna
ntra
tin
tratra
chea
l in
still
atio
nlu
ng tu
mor
s, b
enig
n an
d m
alig
nant
rat
intra
bron
chia
lno
incr
ease
of l
ocal
tum
ors
rat
intra
pleu
ral
no in
crea
se o
f loc
al tu
mor
sra
tin
tram
uscu
lar
inje
ctio
nno
incr
ease
of l
ocal
tum
ors
Bariu
m c
hrom
ate
rat
intra
bron
chia
lno
incr
ease
of l
ocal
tum
ors
rat
intra
pleu
ral
inad
equa
te fo
r ass
essm
ent o
f car
cino
geni
city
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
inad
equa
te fo
r ass
essm
ent o
f car
cino
geni
city
Lead
chr
omat
era
tin
trabr
onch
ial
no in
crea
se o
f loc
al tu
mor
sra
tsu
bcut
aneo
usm
alig
nant
tum
ors
at th
e si
te o
f inj
ectio
nra
tin
tram
uscu
lar
inje
ctio
nm
alig
nant
tum
ors
at th
e si
te o
f inj
ectio
n
Basi
c le
ad c
hrom
ate
rat
subc
utan
eous
loca
l sar
com
as(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program18
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
Zinc
chr
omat
esra
tin
trabr
onch
ial
bron
chia
l car
cino
mas
rat
intra
perit
onea
llo
cal t
umor
sra
tsu
bcut
aneo
uslo
cal s
arco
mas
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l sar
com
as
Stro
ntiu
m c
hrom
ate
rat
intra
bron
chia
l im
plan
tatio
nhi
gh in
cide
nce
of b
ronc
hial
car
cino
mas
rat
intra
pleu
ral
loca
l sar
com
asra
tin
tram
uscu
lar
loca
l sar
com
asFo
rmal
dehy
de1
A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/F
orm
alde
hyde
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol8
8/m
ono8
8-6.
hum
an
naso
phar
ynge
alhu
man
st
rong
but
not
suf
ficie
nt e
vide
nce
for l
euke
mia
hum
an
limite
d ev
iden
ce fo
r sin
onas
al c
ance
rra
tin
hala
tion
squa
mou
s-ce
ll ca
rcin
omas
of t
he n
asal
cav
ities
rat
drin
king
wat
erM
ales
: for
esto
mac
h pa
pillo
mas
rat
drin
king
wat
erM
ales
and
Fem
ales
: gas
troin
test
inal
leio
myo
sarc
omas
rat
drin
king
wat
erne
gativ
era
tdr
inki
ng w
ater
Mal
es: l
ymph
omas
and
leuk
emia
s an
d te
stic
ular
inte
rstit
ial-c
ell
aden
omas
mou
sesk
inco
ncom
itant
exp
osur
e to
dim
ethy
lben
z[a]
anth
race
ne re
duce
d la
tenc
y of
ski
n tu
mor
s(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 19
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
rat
drin
king
wat
erco
ncom
itant
exp
osur
e to
N-m
ethy
l-N'-n
itro-
N-n
itros
ogua
nidi
ne
incr
ease
d in
cide
nce
of a
deno
carc
inom
as o
f the
gla
ndul
ar
stom
ach
ham
ster
inha
latio
nco
ncom
itant
sub
cuta
neou
s in
ject
ion
of N
-nitr
osod
ieth
ylam
ine
incr
ease
d tra
chea
l tum
ors
Nick
el c
ompo
unds
1A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/N
icke
l.pdf
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol4
9/m
ono4
9-7.
hum
an
lung
and
nas
al c
ance
rsN
icke
l Mon
oxid
era
tin
hala
tion
inad
equa
te fo
r ass
essm
ent o
f car
cino
geni
city
ham
ster
inha
latio
nin
adeq
uate
for a
sses
smen
t of c
arci
noge
nici
tym
ouse
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l sar
com
as
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l sar
com
as
rat
intra
pleu
ral
loca
l sar
com
asra
tin
trape
riton
eal
loca
l sar
com
asra
tin
trare
nal i
njec
-tio
nno
rena
l tum
ors
rat
intra
trach
eal
inst
illat
ion
sign
ifica
nt in
cide
nce
of lu
ng c
arci
nom
as
Nic
kel T
rioxi
dera
tin
tram
uscu
lar
inje
ctio
nin
adeq
uate
for a
sses
smen
t of c
arci
noge
nici
ty
rat
intra
cere
bral
inad
equa
te fo
r ass
essm
ent o
f car
cino
geni
city
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program20
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
Nic
kel h
ydro
xide
ra
tin
tram
uscu
lar
inje
ctio
nlo
cal s
arco
mas
Nic
kel s
ubsu
lfide
rat
inha
latio
nbe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt lu
ng tu
mor
rat
intra
trach
eal
inst
illat
ion
mal
igna
nt lu
ng tu
mor
s (a
deno
carc
inom
as, s
quam
ous-
cell
car-
cino
mas
and
mixe
d tu
mor
s)m
ouse
subc
utan
eous
in
ject
ion
sarc
omas
rat
subc
utan
eous
in
ject
ion
rhab
dom
yosa
rcom
as a
nd fi
brou
s hi
stio
cyto
mas
mou
sein
tram
uscu
lar
inje
ctio
nlo
cal s
arco
mas
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l sar
com
as
ham
ster
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l sar
com
as
rabb
itin
tram
uscu
lar
inje
ctio
nlo
cal s
arco
mas
rat
intra
pleu
ral
loca
l sar
com
asra
tin
trape
riton
eal
mes
othe
liom
asra
tin
trare
nal
inje
ctio
nre
nal-c
ell n
eopl
asm
s
rat
intra
test
icul
arhi
gh in
cide
nce
of s
arco
mas
, inc
ludi
ng rh
abdo
myo
sarc
omas
rat
intra
ocul
arey
e ne
opla
sms
(incl
udin
g re
tinob
last
omas
, mel
anom
as, a
nd
glio
mas
)(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 21
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
rat
intra
-art
icul
arsa
rcom
as (i
nclu
ding
rhab
dom
yosa
rcom
as a
nd fi
brou
s hi
stio
cyto
-m
as)
rat
retro
perit
onea
l fa
tfib
rous
his
tiocy
tom
as
rat
impl
anta
tion
het-
erot
opic
trac
heal
tra
nspl
ant
carc
inom
as a
nd s
arco
mas
rat
preg
nant
inad
equa
te fo
r ass
essm
ent o
f car
cino
geni
city
Nic
kel d
isul
fide
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
high
inci
denc
es o
f loc
al tu
mor
s w
ere
indu
ced
rat
intra
rena
l inj
ec-
tion
high
inci
denc
es o
f loc
al tu
mor
s w
ere
indu
ced
Nic
kel m
onos
ulfid
era
tin
tram
uscu
lar
inje
ctio
ncr
ysta
lline
form
indu
ced
loca
l tum
ors,
but
the
amor
phou
s fo
rm
did
not
rat
intra
rena
l inj
ec-
tion
crys
talli
ne fo
rm in
duce
d lo
cal t
umor
s, b
ut th
e am
orph
ous
form
di
d no
tN
icke
l fer
rosu
lfide
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
loca
l sar
com
as
Nic
kel s
ulfa
te
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
did
not i
nduc
e lo
cal t
umor
s
rat
intra
perit
onea
l in
duce
d m
alig
nant
tum
ors
in th
e pe
riton
eal c
avity
Nic
kel c
hlor
ide
rat
intra
perit
onea
l m
alig
nant
tum
ors
in th
e pe
riton
eal c
avity
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program22
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
Nic
kel a
ceta
tera
tin
trape
riton
eal
mal
igna
nt tu
mor
s in
the
perit
onea
l cav
itym
ouse
intra
perit
onea
l lu
ng a
deno
carc
inom
as w
ere
indu
ced
in 1
stu
dy; i
ncre
ased
in
cide
nce
of p
ulm
onar
y ad
enom
as in
two
stud
ies
Nic
kel c
arbo
nyl
rat
inha
latio
na
few
lung
car
cino
mas
in
trave
nous
in
ject
ion
incr
ease
d in
cide
nce
of n
eopl
asm
s in
sev
eral
org
ans
Nic
kelo
cene
rat
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
som
e lo
cal t
umor
s
ham
ster
intra
mus
cula
r in
ject
ion
som
e lo
cal t
umor
s
Qua
rtz
1A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/S
ilica
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol6
8/m
ono6
8-6.
hu
man
inha
latio
nlu
ng c
ance
rra
tin
hala
tion
aden
ocar
cino
mas
and
squ
amou
s-ce
ll ca
rcin
omas
of t
he lu
ngra
tin
tratra
chea
lad
enoc
arci
nom
as a
nd s
quam
ous-
cell
carc
inom
as o
f the
lung
rat
intra
pleu
ral
thor
acic
and
abd
omin
al m
alig
nant
lym
phom
as, p
rimar
ily o
f the
hi
stio
cytic
type
(MLH
T)ra
tin
trape
riton
eal
thor
acic
and
abd
omin
al m
alig
nant
lym
phom
as, p
rimar
ily o
f the
hi
stio
cytic
type
(MLH
T)ha
mst
erin
tratra
chea
lno
pul
mon
ary
tum
or
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 23
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
ham
ster
intra
trach
eal
no p
ulm
onar
y tu
mor
from
1:1
mix
ture
qua
rtz/
ferr
ic o
xide
mou
selu
ng a
ssay
no in
crea
se in
lung
tum
or in
a s
train
A m
ouse
lung
ade
nom
a as
say
mou
sein
hala
tion
no in
crea
se in
lung
tum
or in
a li
mite
d st
udy
Soot
11
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
kht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/S
oots
IARC
hyp
erlin
kht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol3
5/vo
lum
e35.
hum
anTh
e ca
rcin
ogen
icity
of s
oot i
s de
mon
stra
ted
by n
umer
ous
case
re
port
s, d
atin
g ba
ck o
ver 2
00 y
ears
, of s
kin
canc
er, p
artic
u-la
rly o
f the
scr
otum
, am
ong
chim
ney
swee
ps.
Coho
rt s
tudi
es
of m
orta
lity
amon
g ch
imne
y-sw
eeps
in S
wed
en a
nd D
enm
ark
have
sho
wn
a si
gnifi
cant
ly in
crea
sed
risk
of lu
ng c
ance
r. Su
ppor
ting
evid
ence
for a
n as
soci
atio
n w
ith lu
ng c
ance
r was
pr
ovid
ed b
y tw
o ea
rlier
epi
dem
iolo
gica
l stu
dies
in th
e G
erm
an
Dem
ocra
tic R
epub
lic a
nd th
e UK
. The
pot
entia
lly c
onfo
und-
ing
and
inte
ract
ive
effe
cts
of s
mok
ing
coul
d no
t be
eval
uate
d;
how
ever
, cig
aret
te s
mok
ing
is n
ot b
elie
ved
to h
ave
serio
usly
bi
ased
thes
e es
timat
es. I
n ad
ditio
n to
lung
can
cer,
stat
istic
ally
si
gnifi
cant
exc
ess
mor
talit
y fro
m e
soph
agea
l can
cer,
prim
ary
liver
can
cer a
nd le
ukem
ia, w
as fo
und
amon
g ch
imne
y sw
eeps
in
one
stu
dy.
Sulfu
ric A
cid
1A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/S
trong
Inor
gani
cAci
dMis
ts.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l54/
mon
o54-
6.pd
fhu
man
inha
latio
nna
sal,
lary
ngea
l, an
d lu
ng c
ance
r(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program24 World Trade Center Health Program 25
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
Spec
ies
Rou
te o
f ad
min
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
Viny
l chl
orid
e1
A
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/V
inyl
Hal
ides
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol9
7/m
ono9
7-8.
hum
anin
hala
tion
angi
osar
com
as o
f the
live
r and
hep
atoc
ellu
lar c
arci
nom
ara
tin
hala
tion
hepa
tic a
ngio
sarc
omas
rat
inha
latio
nm
amm
ary,
skin
, ren
al, a
nd n
asal
tum
ors
rat
inha
latio
nZy
mba
l gla
nd a
nd h
epat
ocel
lula
r car
cino
mas
rat
oral
hepa
tic a
nd e
xtra
hepa
tic a
ngio
sarc
omas
, hep
atoc
ellu
lar
carc
inom
am
ouse
inha
latio
nhe
patic
ang
iosa
rcom
asm
ouse
inha
latio
nm
amm
ary
and
lung
tum
ors
ham
ster
sin
hala
tion
angi
osar
com
ashu
man
no
stro
ng e
pide
mio
logi
c lin
k fo
r can
cers
of t
he b
rain
, lym
phat
ic
tissu
e, h
emat
opoi
etic
tiss
ue, o
r mel
anom
ara
tssu
bcut
aneo
usno
hep
atic
ang
iosa
rcom
as in
duce
dra
tsin
trape
riton
eal
no h
epat
ic a
ngio
sarc
omas
indu
ced
rats
trans
plac
enta
lno
ang
iosa
rcom
as o
r liv
er-c
ell t
umor
s de
velo
ped
in th
e of
fspr
ing
ham
ster
sin
hala
tion
mam
mar
y, gl
andu
lar s
tom
ach,
and
ski
n tu
mor
s1 As
foun
d in
occ
upati
onal
exp
osur
e of
chi
mne
y sw
eeps
.
Tabl
e 1
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 1
—Ca
rcin
ogen
ic to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program24 World Trade Center Health Program 25
Table 2. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select Other Agents as IARC Group 2A—Probably Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenic-ity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. An agent may be assigned to this cat-egory if it clearly belongs, based on mechanistic considerations, to a class of agents for which one of more members have been classified in Group 1 or in Group 2A.
World Trade Center Health Program26
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of a
dmin
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
Ben
zyl C
hlor
ide
2AN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp://
mon
ogra
phs.i
arc.f
r/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l71/
mon
o71-
19.p
dfm
ouse
cuta
neou
ssk
in tu
mor
sm
ouse
subc
utan
eous
loca
l ski
n tu
mor
sm
ouse
gava
gefo
rest
omac
h tu
mor
sra
tga
vage
Mal
es: f
ew n
eopl
asm
s of
fore
stom
ach
Bio
mas
s fu
el,
(prim
arily
w
ood,
indo
or
emis
sion
s fr
om
hous
ehol
d co
mbu
stio
n)
2AN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
kN
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
kht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol9
5/m
ono9
5-6A
hum
anCa
se-c
ontro
l stu
dy fo
und
sign
ifica
ntly
in
crea
sed
lung
can
cer a
nd w
hen
expa
nded
fo
und
sign
ifica
nt th
reef
old
incr
ease
d ris
k fo
r sq
uam
ous–
cell
carc
inom
a an
d ad
enoc
ar-
cino
ma
of th
e lu
ng; i
n an
othe
r cas
e co
ntro
l st
udy
a si
gnifi
cant
20–
30%
incr
ease
d ris
k fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
was
foun
d am
ong
thos
e w
ho c
ooke
d or
hea
ted
with
woo
d. H
owev
er,
info
rmat
ion
on th
e ef
fect
of d
urat
ion
and
inte
nsity
of e
xpos
ure
was
lack
ing. (C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 2.
Sum
mar
y of
cla
ssifi
catio
n ba
sis
for C
OPC
and
sel
ect o
ther
age
nts
as
IAR
C G
roup
2A—
Prob
ably
car
cino
geni
c to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 27
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of a
dmin
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
hum
anOn
e st
udy
of n
asop
hary
ngea
l car
cino
ma
amon
g Ch
ines
e re
port
ed a
sta
tistic
ally
si
gnifi
cant
five
fold
incr
ease
d ris
k as
soci
-at
ed w
ith c
urre
nt u
se o
f woo
d as
fuel
—no
ex
posu
re-re
spon
se re
latio
nshi
p pr
esen
ted.
mou
sein
hala
tion
Incr
ease
d in
cide
nce
of lu
ng a
deno
carc
ino-
mas
—no
t obs
erve
d in
rat
mou
sein
hala
tion
No
tum
or fo
rmat
ions
mou
sede
rmal
incr
ease
d in
cide
nce
of b
enig
n sk
in p
apil-
lom
as in
two
tum
or in
itiat
ion–
prom
otio
n st
udie
s by
der
mal
app
licat
ion
mou
sede
rmal
non-
stat
istic
ally
sig
nific
ant i
ncre
ase
in th
e in
cide
nce
of s
kin
carc
inom
as in
fem
ale
Dib
enz[
a,h]
anth
race
ne2A
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/P
olyc
yclic
Arom
atic
Hyd
roca
rbon
s.pd
fIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l92/
mon
o92-
10.p
dfm
ouse
derm
alTh
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
se s
tudi
es e
xhib
ited
sig-
nific
ant c
arci
noge
nic
activ
ity.
mou
sesu
bcut
aneo
usra
tsu
bcut
aneo
usm
ouse
intra
perit
onea
lm
ouse
intra
pulm
onar
y im
plan
tatio
nra
tin
trapu
lmon
ary
impl
anta
tion
rat
intra
mam
mar
y(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 2
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
A—Pr
obab
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program28
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
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of a
dmin
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rom
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g ac
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intra
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Engi
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icul
ates
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hyp
erlin
k:ht
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phs.
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.fr/E
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ogra
phs/
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6/vo
lum
e46.
hum
anlu
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r inc
reas
ed s
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fican
tly w
ith
dura
tion
of e
xpos
ure
in o
ne s
tudy
and
w
ith in
crea
sed
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osur
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a
seco
nd c
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n 2
case
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e ob
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as e
leva
ted
but n
ot s
igni
fi-ca
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in 3
coh
ort s
tudi
eshu
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4 c
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rol s
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k of
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Ethy
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moe
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RC h
yper
link:
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onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
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G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l71/
mon
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28.p
dfra
tor
alsq
uam
ous-
cell
carc
inom
as o
f the
fore
stom
-ac
h; h
eman
gios
arco
mas
in m
ales
mou
seor
alsq
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cell
carc
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fore
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lveo
lar/
bron
chio
lar l
ung
tum
ors
in
fem
ales
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 2
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
A—Pr
obab
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 29
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of a
dmin
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
rat
inha
latio
nad
enom
as a
nd c
arci
nom
as o
f the
nas
al c
av-
ity, h
eman
gios
arco
mas
, mam
mar
y gl
and
tu-
mor
s, s
ubcu
tane
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ench
ymal
tum
ors,
al
veol
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ors;
per
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mes
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liom
as in
mal
esm
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as a
nd c
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gios
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Le
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s: re
nal c
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rra
tor
albr
ain
glio
mas
mou
seIP
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nlu
ng tu
mor
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 2
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
A—Pr
obab
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program30
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
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of a
dmin
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f can
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gest
ed)
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tsor
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4 - l
ow, s
tatis
tical
ly n
onsi
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cide
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tom
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cino
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hum
anFe
mal
es: h
emat
olog
ical
neo
plas
ms (Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 2
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
A—Pr
obab
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 31
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
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sR
oute
of a
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s/vo
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nific
antly
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crea
sed,
and
non
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ifica
nt in
crea
se in
un
com
mon
ly o
ccur
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rena
l-cel
l ade
nom
as
and
aden
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cino
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obs
erve
d in
mal
e ra
tsm
ouse
topi
cal a
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ndi
d no
t pro
duce
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mor
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3-6.
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 2
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
A—Pr
obab
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program32
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of a
dmin
istr
atio
nTy
pe o
f can
cer/
Tum
or/P
rom
otin
g ac
tivity
hum
an
liver
and
bili
ary
tract
can
cer;
non-
Hod
gkin
’s
lym
phom
am
ouse
oral
beni
gn a
nd m
alig
nant
live
r tum
ors
mou
sein
hala
tion
lym
phom
asm
ouse
inha
latio
nliv
er a
nd lu
ng tu
mor
s
hum
anco
hort
stu
dies
—oc
curr
ence
of c
ance
r of t
he
kidn
ey w
as n
ot e
leva
ted
ham
ster
inha
latio
nno
incr
ease
in tu
mor
inci
denc
em
ice
topi
cal a
pplic
atio
n or
sub
cu-
tane
ous
inje
ctio
nTC
E an
d pr
opos
ed m
etab
olite
tric
hlor
oeth
yl-
ene
oxid
e di
d no
t inc
reas
e in
cide
nce
of s
kin
tum
ors
or lo
cal s
arco
ma
rat
oral
Mal
es: r
enal
-cel
l tum
ors
rat
oral
inte
rstit
ial t
estic
ular
tum
ors
rat
inha
latio
nin
ters
titia
l tes
ticul
ar a
nd re
nal-c
ell t
umor
s1 N
L =
not l
isted
Tabl
e 2
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
A—Pr
obab
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 33
Table 3. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select Other Agents as IARC Group 2B—Possibly Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used for agents for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in hu-mans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, together with support-ing evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data, may be placed in this group. An agent may be classified in this category solely on the basis of strong evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data.
World Trade Center Health Program34
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
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of
adm
inis
trat
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Type
of c
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ity
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onitr
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RC h
yper
link:
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raph
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rc.fr
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onog
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l71/
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fra
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hala
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l tum
ors
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mou
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Tabl
e 3.
Sum
mar
y of
cla
ssifi
catio
n ba
sis
for C
OPC
and
sel
ect o
ther
age
nts
as
IAR
C G
roup
2B—
Poss
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car
cino
geni
c to
hum
ans
World Trade Center Health Program 35
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
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seIP
inje
ctio
nsi
gnifi
cant
car
cino
geni
c ac
tivity
rat
intra
pulm
onar
y im
plan
-ta
tion
sign
ifica
nt c
arci
noge
nic
activ
ity
Bro
mod
ichl
orom
etha
ne
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/B
rom
odic
hlor
omet
hane
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program36
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
1/m
ono7
1-73
rat
oral
gav
age
incr
ease
d th
e in
cide
nces
of a
deno
mat
ous
poly
ps a
nd a
deno
carc
inom
as o
f the
larg
e in
test
ine
and
of tu
bule
-cel
l ade
nom
as a
nd
aden
ocar
cino
mas
of t
he k
idne
ym
ouse
oral
gav
age
Mal
es: t
ubul
e-ce
ll ad
enom
as a
nd a
deno
car-
cino
mas
of t
he k
idne
y; F
emal
es: h
epat
ocel
-lu
lar a
deno
mas
and
car
cino
mas
Carb
on te
trac
hlor
ide
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/C
arbo
nTet
rach
lorid
e.pd
fIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l71/
volu
me7
1.pd
fm
ouse
oral
liver
tum
ors,
incl
udin
g he
pato
cellu
lar
carc
inom
asm
ouse
intra
rect
alliv
er tu
mor
s, in
clud
ing
hepa
toce
llula
r ca
rcin
omas
rat
oral
beni
gn a
nd m
alig
nant
live
r tum
ors
rat
subc
utan
eous
beni
gn a
nd m
alig
nant
live
r tum
ors;
mam
-m
ary
aden
ocar
cino
mas
rat
inha
latio
nbe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt li
ver t
umor
sCo
balt
sulfa
te a
nd
Solu
ble
Coba
lt2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/C
obal
tSul
fate
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol8
6/m
ono8
6-6E
m
ouse
inha
latio
nal
veol
ar/b
ronc
hiol
ar n
eopl
asm
s(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 37
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
rat
inha
latio
nal
veol
ar/b
ronc
hiol
ar n
eopl
asm
s; a
dren
al
pheo
chro
moc
ytom
as in
fem
ale
rats
Chlo
rdan
e2B
NL
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
9/m
ono7
9-17
mou
seor
alin
crea
sed
inci
denc
es o
f hep
atoc
ellu
lar n
eo-
plas
ms
(incl
udin
g ca
rcin
omas
)ra
t
thyr
oid
folli
cula
r-cel
l ade
nom
as a
nd c
arci
no-
mas
rat
M
ales
: mar
gina
lly in
crea
sed
the
inci
denc
e of
live
r ade
nom
asm
ouse
in
initi
atio
n–pr
omot
ion
stud
ies
incr
ease
d in
cide
nces
of h
epat
ocel
lula
r tum
ors
4-Ch
loro
anili
ne2B
NL
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol5
7/m
ono5
7-21
mou
sedi
ethe
man
gios
arco
mas
mou
sega
vage
Mal
es: h
eman
gios
arco
mas
of t
he s
plee
n an
d liv
erm
ouse
gava
geM
ales
: hep
atoc
ellu
lar a
deno
mas
and
car
ci-
nom
asra
tdi
etM
ales
: sar
com
as o
f the
spl
een
and
sple
nic
caps
ule
rat
gava
gesa
rcom
as o
f the
spl
een
and
sple
nic
caps
ule
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program38
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
Chlo
rofo
rm2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/C
hlor
ofor
m.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l73/
mon
o73-
10.p
dfm
ouse
oral
rena
l tub
ular
tum
ors
mou
sein
hala
tion
rena
l tub
ular
tum
ors
rat
oral
rena
l tub
ular
tum
ors
Chry
sene
2BN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol9
2/m
ono9
2-10
mou
sene
wbo
rnpo
sitiv
e re
spon
se in
2 o
f 3 s
tudi
esm
ouse
initi
atio
n-pr
omot
ion
posi
tive
resp
onse
in 1
of 3
stu
dies
rat
pulm
onar
y im
plan
tatio
npo
sitiv
e re
spon
seD
DT
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/D
ichl
orod
iphe
nyltr
ichl
oroe
than
e.pd
fIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l53/
mon
o53-
9.pd
f
mou
seor
alliv
er-c
ell t
umor
s in
clud
ing
carc
inom
as; l
ung
carc
inom
as, m
alig
nant
lym
phom
asra
tor
alliv
er tu
mor
sha
mst
eror
alin
crea
sed
inci
denc
e of
adr
enoc
ortic
al a
d-en
omas
mic
esu
bcut
aneo
us in
ject
ion
liver
tum
ors
mou
seor
alM
ales
: hep
atob
last
omas
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 39
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
1,4-
Dic
hlor
oben
zene
2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/D
ichl
orob
enze
ne.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l73/
mon
o73-
13.p
dfm
ouse
oral
aden
omas
and
car
cino
mas
of t
he li
ver
rats
di
d no
t pro
mot
e he
patic
foci
in a
two-
stag
e m
odel
of c
arci
noge
nesi
sra
tor
alM
ales
: ren
al tu
bula
r car
cino
mas
3,3'
-Dic
hlor
oben
zidi
ne
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/D
ichl
orob
enzi
dine
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol9
9/m
ono9
9-10
mou
seor
allu
ng (a
lveo
lar-c
ell a
deno
mas
and
ade
noca
r-ci
nom
as)
rat
oral
Zym
bal-g
land
tum
ors
(ade
nom
as a
nd c
arci
-no
mas
), liv
er tu
mor
s (n
eopl
astic
nod
ules
or
hepa
toce
llula
r car
cino
mas
), la
rge
inte
stin
e tu
mor
s (a
deno
mat
ous
poly
ps o
r ade
noca
rci-
nom
as),
skin
tum
ors
(bas
al c
ell a
deno
mas
an
d ca
rcin
omas
), an
d or
al c
avity
tum
ors
(squ
amou
s ce
ll pa
pillo
mas
and
car
cino
mas
)ra
tor
alM
ales
: pre
putia
l gla
nd tu
mor
s (c
arci
nom
as),
smal
l int
estin
e tu
mor
s (a
deno
carc
inom
as)
and
lung
tum
ors
dog
oral
blad
der t
umor
s(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program40
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
rat
oral
Fem
ales
: clit
oral
gla
nd tu
mor
s (a
deno
mas
an
d ca
rcin
omas
) and
mam
mar
y gl
and
tu-
mor
s (a
deno
carc
inom
as)
rat
subc
utan
eous
Zy
mba
l-gla
nd tu
mor
sra
tsu
bcut
aneo
us
Mal
es: s
kin,
pre
putia
l gla
nd a
nd fo
rest
om-
ach
tum
ors
rat
subc
utan
eous
Fe
mal
es: m
amm
ary
glan
d tu
mor
sp,
p'-D
ichl
orod
iphe
nyl-
dich
loro
etha
ne (T
DE)
2BN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol5
3/m
ono5
3-9.
m
ouse
oral
liver
tum
ors
in m
ales
and
lung
tum
ors
in
both
M&
Fra
tor
alM
ales
: thy
roid
tum
ors
p,p'
-Dic
hlor
odip
heny
l-di
chlo
roet
hyle
ne (D
DE)
2BN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:IA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l53/
mon
o53-
9.pd
fm
ouse
oral
high
inci
denc
e of
live
r tum
ors
in m
ale
and
fem
ale
mic
e in
two
stud
ies
ham
ster
oral
incr
ease
d in
cide
nce
of n
eopl
astic
live
r no
dule
s(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 41
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
1,2-
Dic
hlor
oeth
ane
(s
yn: E
thyl
ene
dich
lorid
e)
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/D
ichl
oroe
than
e.pd
fIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l71/
mon
o71-
21.p
dfhu
man
ly
mph
atic
, hem
atop
oiet
ic, s
tom
ach,
pan
cre-
atic
can
cers
mou
seor
albe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt lu
ng tu
mor
s an
d m
a-lig
nant
lym
phom
asm
ouse
oral
Mal
es: h
epat
ocel
lula
r car
cino
ma
mou
seor
alFe
mal
es: m
amm
ary
and
uter
ine
aden
ocar
-ci
nom
asm
ouse
inha
latio
nliv
er, l
ung,
and
mam
mar
y gl
and
tum
ors
rat
oral
hem
angi
osar
com
asra
tor
alM
ales
: car
cino
mas
of t
he fo
rest
omac
hm
ice
two-
stag
e m
ouse
-ski
n as
say
not a
ctiv
e as
an
initi
ator
of s
kin
carc
inog
e-ni
city
rat
inha
latio
nliv
er, l
ung,
and
mam
mar
y gl
and
tum
ors
rat
oral
Fem
ales
: ben
ign
and
mal
igna
nt m
amm
ary
tum
ors
2,4-
Din
itrot
olue
ne2B
NL
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol6
5/m
ono6
5-9.
mou
seor
alM
ales
: ren
al tu
bula
r epi
thel
ium
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program42
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
mou
seor
alno
tum
orig
enic
effe
ct re
port
edra
tor
alM
ales
: int
egum
enta
ry s
yste
mra
tor
alhe
pato
cellu
lar c
arci
nom
asra
tor
alFe
mal
es: fi
broa
deno
mas
of t
he m
amm
ary
glan
d2,
6-D
initr
otol
uene
2BN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol6
5/vo
lum
e65.
ra
tor
alM
ales
: hep
atoc
ellu
lar n
eopl
astic
nod
ules
an
d ca
rcin
omas
in 2
stu
dies
1,
4-D
ioxa
ne2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/D
ioxa
ne.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l71/
mon
o71-
25.p
dfm
ouse
oral
hepa
toce
llula
r ade
nom
asra
tsor
alna
sal c
avity
, liv
er s
ubcu
tane
ous
tissu
es,
mam
mar
y gl
and,
and
per
itone
al m
esot
he-
liom
asgu
inea
pig
oral
liver
and
gal
l bla
dder
rat
inha
latio
nno
incr
ease
in tu
mor
sm
ouse
IP in
ject
ion
Mal
es: l
ung
tum
ors
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 43
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
rat
pr
omot
ing
activ
ity in
two-
stag
e liv
er fo
ci
assa
yEt
hylb
enze
ne2B
NL
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
7/m
ono7
7-10
mou
sein
hala
tion
lung
ade
nom
as in
mal
es a
nd li
ver a
deno
-m
as in
fem
ales
rat
inha
latio
nM
ales
: inc
reas
ed in
cide
nce
of re
nal t
ubul
e ad
enom
as a
nd c
arci
nom
as; F
emal
es: r
enal
ad
enom
as a
fter s
tep-
sect
ioni
ngra
tor
alco
uld
not b
e ev
alua
ted
Hep
tach
lor
2BN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
9/m
ono7
9-17
mou
seor
alin
crea
sed
inci
denc
es o
f hep
atoc
ellu
lar n
eo-
plas
ms
(incl
udin
g ca
rcin
omas
)ra
t
thyr
oid
folli
cula
r-cel
l ade
nom
as a
nd
carc
inom
asm
ouse
In
initi
atio
n–pr
omot
ion
stud
ies
incr
ease
d in
cide
nces
of h
epat
ocel
lula
r tum
ors
Hex
achl
orob
enze
ne
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/H
exac
hlor
oben
zene
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
9/m
ono7
9-18
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program44
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
mou
seor
alliv
er-c
ell t
umor
sra
tor
alliv
er-c
ell t
umor
sra
tor
alre
nal t
ubul
ar tu
mor
sha
mst
eror
alliv
er-c
ell t
umor
s; li
ver h
eman
gioe
ndot
helio
-m
as a
nd th
yroi
d fo
llicu
lar-c
ell a
deno
mas
rat
perin
atal
para
thyr
oid
aden
omas
in m
ales
and
adr
enal
ph
eoch
rom
ocyt
omas
in fe
mal
esH
exac
hlor
oeth
ane
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/H
exac
hlor
oeth
ane.
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
3/m
ono7
3-15
mou
seor
alliv
er tu
mor
sra
tor
alM
ales
: ren
al tu
bula
r tum
ors
rat
pr
omot
ing
activ
ity in
two-
stag
e liv
er in
itia-
tion-
prom
otio
n as
say
Inde
no[1
,2,3
-cd]
pyre
ne2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/P
olyc
yclic
Arom
atic
Hyd
roca
rbon
s.pd
fIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l32/
volu
me3
2.pd
fm
ouse
subc
utan
eous
inje
ctio
na
com
plet
e ca
rcin
ogen
and
an
initi
ator
for
skin
car
cino
gene
sis
-loca
l sar
com
asM
ethy
lene
chl
orid
e (s
yn: d
ichl
orom
etha
ne)
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/D
ichl
orom
etha
ne.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l32/
volu
me3
2.pd
f(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 45
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
mou
seor
alno
incr
ease
rat
oral
inco
nclu
sive
mou
sein
hala
tion
incr
ease
d in
cide
nces
of b
enig
n an
d m
alig
-na
nt lu
ng a
nd li
ver t
umor
sra
tin
hala
tion
Fem
ales
: ben
ign
mam
mar
y tu
mor
sra
t
Mal
es: i
ncid
ence
of m
amm
ary
glan
d ad
eno-
mas
and
fibr
oade
nom
as w
as in
crea
sed
ham
ster
inha
latio
nne
gativ
em
ouse
IP in
ject
ion
nega
tive
lung
ade
nom
aM
irex
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/M
irex.
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol2
0/vo
lum
e20.
mou
seor
albe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt li
ver t
umor
sra
tor
albe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt li
ver t
umor
sm
ouse
subc
utan
eous
inje
ctio
nliv
er tu
mor
s w
ere
also
foun
d in
mal
es o
f one
of
the
two
stra
ins
of m
ice;
sug
gest
ed th
at it
pr
oduc
ed re
ticul
um-c
ell s
arco
mas
in m
ales
of
bot
h st
rain
sN
apht
hale
ne2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/N
apht
hale
ne.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l82/
mon
o82-
8.pd
fm
ouse
inha
latio
nFe
mal
es: l
ung
aden
omas
per
tum
or-b
earin
g m
ouse
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program46
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
rat
inha
latio
nne
urob
last
omas
of t
he o
lfact
ory
epith
eliu
m
and
aden
omas
of t
he n
asal
resp
irato
ry
epith
eliu
mra
tor
alst
udie
s to
o lim
ited
mou
seIP
inje
ctio
nst
udie
s to
o lim
ited
rat
subc
utan
eous
inje
ctio
nst
udie
s to
o lim
ited
mou
sein
hala
tion
bron
chio
lo-a
lveo
lar a
deno
mas
in fe
mal
e m
ice;
-inc
reas
e in
mal
es b
ut n
ot s
igni
fican
tN
icke
l met
allic
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/N
icke
l.pdf
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol4
9/m
ono4
9-7.
mou
sein
hala
tion
inad
equa
te fo
r ass
essm
ent o
f car
cino
geni
c-ity
rat
inha
latio
nin
adeq
uate
for a
sses
smen
t of c
arci
noge
nic-
itygu
inea
pig
inha
latio
nin
adeq
uate
for a
sses
smen
t of c
arci
noge
nic-
ityra
tin
tram
uscu
lar i
njec
tion
sarc
omas
ham
ster
intra
mus
cula
r inj
ectio
nsa
rcom
asra
tin
trapl
eura
lsa
rcom
asra
tsu
bcut
aneo
ussa
rcom
asra
tin
trape
riton
eal
sarc
omas
and
car
cino
mas
rat
intra
trach
eal i
nstil
latio
nsi
gnifi
cant
num
bers
of s
quam
ous-
cell
carc
i-no
mas
and
ade
noca
rcin
omas
of t
he lu
ng(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 47
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
rat
intra
rena
l inj
ectio
nno
sig
nific
ant i
ncre
ase
in lo
cal k
idne
y tu
mor
sN
itrob
enze
ne2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/N
itrob
enze
ne.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l65/
mon
o65-
11.p
dfm
ouse
inha
latio
nal
veol
ar-b
ronc
hiol
ar n
eopl
asm
s an
d th
yroi
d fo
llicu
lar-c
ell a
deno
mas
rat
inha
latio
nM
ales
: hep
atoc
ellu
lar n
eopl
asm
s, th
yroi
d fo
lIicu
lar-c
ell a
deno
mas
and
ade
noca
rcin
o-m
as, r
enal
tubu
lar-c
ell a
deno
mas
rat
inha
latio
nFe
mal
es: h
epat
ocel
lula
r neo
plas
ms
and
endo
met
rial s
trom
al p
olyp
s w
ere
incr
ease
dra
t
Mal
es: h
epat
ocel
lula
r neo
plas
ms
wer
e in
crea
sed.
N-N
itros
o-D
i-n-
prop
ylam
ine
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/N
itros
amin
es.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l17/
volu
me1
7.pd
fra
tor
albe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt tu
mor
s of
the
liver
, ki
dney
, eso
phag
us, a
nd re
spira
tory
trac
tra
tsu
bcut
aneo
us in
ject
ion
beni
gn a
nd m
alig
nant
tum
ors
of th
e liv
er,
kidn
ey, e
soph
agus
, and
resp
irato
ry tr
act
ham
ster
subc
utan
eous
inje
ctio
nbe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt tu
mor
s of
the
liver
, ki
dney
, eso
phag
us, a
nd re
spira
tory
trac
t(C
ontin
ued)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program48
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l 2B
NL
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
1/m
ono7
1-34
mou
seor
alM
ales
: hep
atoc
ellu
lar a
deno
mas
and
car
ci-
nom
as; a
dren
al p
heoc
hrom
ocyt
omas
mou
seor
alFe
mal
es: h
epat
ocel
lula
r ade
nom
as; a
dren
al
pheo
chro
moc
ytom
as; m
alig
nant
vas
cula
r tu
mor
s of
the
liver
and
spl
een
rat
oral
mes
othe
liom
as o
f the
tuni
ca v
agin
alis
Styr
ene
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/S
tyre
ne.p
dfIA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l82/
mon
o82-
9.pd
fm
ouse
inha
latio
nM
ales
: pul
mon
ary
aden
omas
; Fem
ales
: pu
lmon
ary
aden
omas
; car
cino
mas
in th
e hi
gh-d
ose
grou
pm
ouse
oral
gav
age
2 st
udie
s ne
gativ
em
ouse
oral
gav
age
2 st
udie
s in
adeq
uate
for a
n ev
alua
tion
of
the
carc
inog
enic
ity o
f sty
rene
rat
gava
geno
relia
ble
evid
ence
for a
n in
crea
se in
tu-
mor
inci
denc
e in
4 s
tudi
esra
tdr
inki
ng w
ater
no re
liabl
e ev
iden
ce fo
r an
incr
ease
in tu
-m
or in
cide
nce
in 1
stu
dyra
tin
hala
tion
no re
liabl
e ev
iden
ce fo
r an
incr
ease
in tu
-m
or in
cide
nce
in 2
stu
dies
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 49
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
Tita
nium
Dio
xide
2BN
L
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol9
3/m
ono9
3-7F
rat
inha
latio
nin
2 s
tudi
es: l
ung
tum
ors
in b
oth
sexe
s in
on
e st
udy
and
anot
her i
n fe
mal
es o
nly
rat
intra
trach
eal i
nstil
latio
nin
crea
ses
in th
e in
cide
nce
of lu
ng tu
mor
sm
ouse
intra
trach
eal i
nstil
latio
nno
incr
ease
s
Toxa
phen
e2B
B
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/T
oxap
hene
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
9/m
ono7
9-19
mou
seor
alhe
pato
cellu
lar a
deno
mas
and
car
cino
mas
rat
oral
thyr
oid
folli
cula
r-cel
l ade
nom
as a
nd c
arci
no-
mas
; pitu
itary
ade
nom
as in
fem
ales
2,4-
Tolu
ened
iisoc
yana
te
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/T
olue
neD
iisoc
yana
tes.
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
1/m
ono7
1-37
mou
sega
vage
Fem
ales
: hem
angi
omas
and
hem
angi
osar
-co
mas
and
hep
atoc
ellu
lar a
deno
mas
rat
gava
geM
ales
: sub
cuta
neou
s fib
rom
as a
nd fi
bros
ar-
com
as; p
ancr
eatic
aci
nar-c
ell a
deno
mas
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program50
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
rat
gava
geFe
mal
es: p
ancr
eatic
isle
-cel
l ade
nom
as,
neop
last
ic n
odul
es o
f the
live
r and
mam
-m
ary
glan
d fib
road
enom
asm
ouse
inha
latio
nno
trea
tmen
t-rel
ated
tum
or; s
tudy
resu
lts
not f
ully
repo
rted
rat
inha
latio
nno
trea
tmen
t-rel
ated
tum
or; s
tudy
resu
lts
not f
ully
repo
rted
2,6-
tolu
ene
diis
ocya
nate
2BB
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/T
olue
neD
iisoc
yana
tes.
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
1/m
ono7
1-37
rat
gava
geM
ales
: sub
cuta
neou
s fib
rom
as a
nd fi
bros
ar-
com
asra
tga
vage
Mal
es: p
ancr
eatic
aci
nar-c
ell a
deno
mas
rat
gava
geFe
mal
es: p
ancr
eatic
isle
t-cel
l ade
nom
as,
neop
last
ic n
odul
es o
f the
live
r, an
d m
am-
mar
y gl
and
fibro
aden
omas
mou
sega
vage
Fem
ales
: hem
angi
omas
and
hem
angi
o-sa
rcom
as, h
epat
ocel
lula
r ade
nom
as; n
o tu
mor
s ob
serv
ed in
mal
e m
ice
mou
sein
hala
tion
No
treat
men
t-rel
ated
tum
or—
stud
y re
sults
no
t ful
ly re
port
edra
tin
hala
tion
No
treat
men
t-rel
ated
tum
or—
stud
y re
sults
no
t ful
ly re
port
ed2,
4,6-
Tric
hlor
ophe
nol
2BB
(Con
tinue
d)
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 51
Cate
gory
Sum
mar
y of
IAR
C fin
ding
s on
can
cer
Agen
tIA
RC
NTP
1Sp
ecie
sR
oute
of
adm
inis
trat
ion
Type
of c
ance
r/Tu
mor
/Pro
mot
ing
activ
ity
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/ntp
.nie
hs.n
ih.g
ov/n
tp/r
oc/t
wel
fth/p
rofil
es/T
richl
orop
heno
l.pdf
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol7
1/m
ono7
1-34
mou
seor
albe
nign
and
mal
igna
nt li
ver t
umor
sra
tor
alm
onon
ucle
ar c
ell l
euke
mia
Vana
dium
Pen
toxi
de2B
NL
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:N
ot a
pplic
able
IARC
hyp
erlin
k:ht
tp:/
/mon
ogra
phs.
iarc
.fr/E
NG
/Mon
ogra
phs/
vol8
6/m
ono8
6-10
m
ouse
inha
latio
nal
veol
ar/b
ronc
hiol
ar n
eopl
asm
sra
tin
hala
tion
Mal
es: a
lveo
lar/
bron
chio
lar n
eopl
asm
sVi
nyl a
ceta
te2B
NL
NTP
hyp
erlin
k:IA
RC h
yper
link:
http
://m
onog
raph
s.ia
rc.fr
/EN
G/M
onog
raph
s/vo
l63/
mon
o63-
19.p
dfm
ouse
inha
latio
nno
trea
tmen
t-rel
ated
incr
ease
in tu
mor
in
cide
nce
rat
inha
latio
nin
crea
sed
inci
denc
e of
nas
al c
avity
tum
ors
rat
drin
king
wat
er
in u
tero
and
life
: No
treat
men
t-rel
ated
in-
crea
se in
tum
or in
cide
nce
1 NL
= n
ot li
sted
Tabl
e 3
(Con
tinue
d). S
umm
ary
of c
lass
ifica
tion
basi
s fo
r CO
PC a
nd s
elec
t oth
er a
gent
s as
IA
RC
Gro
up 2
B—Po
ssib
ly c
arci
noge
nic
to h
uman
s
World Trade Center Health Program 53
References
COPC (Contaminants of Potential Concern) Committee [2003]. World Trade Center indoor environment assessment: selecting contaminants of potential concern and set-ting health-based benchmarks [http://epa.gov/WTC/reports/contaminants_of_con-cern_benchmark_study.pdf]. Date accessed: June 14, 2011.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization) [2006]. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: pream-ble. Lyon, France.
NIOSH [2011]. First periodic review of scientific and medical evidence related to cancer for the World Trade Center Health Program. NIOSH Publication No. 2011–197 [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-197/pdfs/2011-197.pdf/]. Date accessed: November 7, 2011.
NTP (National Toxicology Program) [2011]. 12th Report on carcinogens [http://ntp-server.niehs.nih]. Date accessed: June 14, 2011.
To receive NIOSH documents or more information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at
1–800–CDC–INFO (1–800–232–4636) TTY: 1–888–232–6348 E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov
or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh.
For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012–115
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