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Industrial Revolution
Working ConditionsThe machines were exposed and dangerous
Children worked in hard to reach places-dangerous
Often lived with 6 people in one room
Not paid well
Exhausted
12 hour shifts
Reforms to Factory Work Robert Owen and Titus Salt started some of the reforms
Other factory workers did not like the reforms (less money)
Reforms: Factory Act 1819 Limited the hours worked by children to a
maximum of 12 per day. Factory Act 1833 Children under 9 banned from working in the
textiles industry and 10-13 year olds limited to a 48 hour week. Factory Act 1844 Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women. Factory Act 1847 Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women
and children. Factory Act 1850 Increased hours worked by Women and children
to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm.
1874 No worker allowed to work more than 56.5 hours per week.
Farm Economy Individual families produce everything they
need on their farm
Luxury items are sent from England
Wealth is measured in property
Market EconomyBased on jobs and money
Families bought more things than they made
Wealth is measured in money.
Main Figures of the Industrial Revolution
Samuel Slater
Francis Cabot Lowell
Eli Whitney
TextilesFancy word for cloth or fabric
Late 1700s: England made the best AND cheapest cloth
England used cotton-spinning machines to make their textiles
English factories kept their machines secret so no American factories could compete with them.
Samuel SlaterAmerica’s first corporate spy
Worked in a cotton factory in England
Memorized how cotton-spinning machines were made.
Came to America (1790) and shared the secret with American businessmen
Samuel Slater
Francis Cabot LowellSaw a power loom in England
After seeing the power loom once Lowell understood how it worked and made his own loom in the USA.
Lowell SystemFrancis Cabot Lowell hired young women to
work his factories.
He paid them less than men
He offered attractive incentives: Boarding house near the factory Religious instruction Educational opportunities
Eli Whitney Introduced the idea of interchangeable parts
Before this time a musket was made by a gunsmith.
Each gun would be a little different so if it broke a gunsmith would have to be make a replacement part.
Now you could fix a gun using parts of another gun etc.
Applied this idea to machines used in the industrial revolution
Eli Whitney Invented the Cotton Gin
Took seeds out of cotton 50 times faster than by hand
Made cotton more readily available for making textiles
Greatly increased the demand for slaves
Timeline of Industrial Revolution Inventions
1733 Flying shuttle invented by John Kay - an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster.
1742 Cotton mills were first opened in England.
1764 Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves - the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel.
1764 Water frame invented by Richard Arkwright - the first powered textile machine.
1769Arkwright patented the water frame.
1770Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny.
1773The first all-cotton textiles were produced in factories.
1785Cartwright patented the power loom. It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed batton in 1813.
1787Cotton goods production had increased 10 fold since 1770.
1789 Samuel Slater brought textile machinery design to the US.
1790Arkwright built the first steam powered textile factory in Nottingham, England.
1792Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin - a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber.
1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom that weaved complex designs. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards.
1813 William Horrocks invented the variable speed batton (for an improved power loom)
1856William Perkin invented the first synthetic dye.
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