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Communication – an art Resilience and disaster (in brief) Information and communication ◦ effective communication of information for
adaptation: providing information to the right people, at the right time, in the most effective way
Better communication practice ◦ barriers and challenges for the communication of
information for adaptation
Communication is not the same thing as information
Communication is ◦ Tailored – for a particular purpose ◦ Targeted – for a particular audience ◦ Timed – to be favourably received,
understood and acted upon Communication relies on feedback and
evaluation to be effective
‘a property that gives individuals, social institutions, organisations and/or ecosystems the ability to cope with shocks without losing their essential functions, characteristics and identity’ (Walker and Salt 2006; Cork 2010)
‘a process linking a set of adaptive capacities to a positive trajectory of functioning and adaptation after a disturbance’ (Norris et al. 2007 p.130)
an event in time that has an identifiable beginning (although often not a clear end-point)
the destruction of property, injury and/or loss of life
affecting a large group of people adversely out of the realm of ordinary experience public and shared by members of more than one
family disrupting the normative or cultural system of a
society traumatic enough to induce stress in almost
anyone exposed to it, and the subject of intense media interest (Eyre 2006, Seeger 2002,
Fearn-Banks 2002 )
Robustness ◦ Strength in the face of impacts
Redundancy ◦ Not dependent on single solutions
Rapidity
◦ Able to adjust or change quickly to suit new situations (after Norris et al. 2007)
Can be seen as subsets of resilience Adaptation ◦ Successful flexibility in the face of
unpredictable or fluid situations
Sustainability ◦ A state of ongoing capacity to maintain
successful adaptive behaviour
Barriers and challenges for the communication of information for adaptation ◦ Robustness: recognition that communication
needs to be consistent and credible ◦ Redundancy: sending and repeating the key
messages through multiple channels ◦ Rapidity: recognition of urgency in the need
for information and quick response to changed circumstances
Resilience – adaptation ◦ Use of multiple channels for transmitting
messages ◦ Multiple audiences + word of mouth
Resilience – sustainability ◦ Recovery communication reliant on feedback ◦ Understanding what is needed on an ongoing
and changing basis
Adapted from J. Grunig (1992)
Government (source of messages)
Community (receivers of messages) Message
(pubic information)
1. One-way communication
Government receives feedback, changes message
in response
Community gives feedback feedback
New message (no change in
behaviour)
message
2. Two-way asymmetrical communication
Government receives feedback, changes behaviour
in response
Community gives more feedback responding to change feedback
Evaluated message shows
changed behaviour
message
3. Two-way symmetrical communication
Government diffuses messages through credible
sources
Opinion leader
Opinion leader
Opinion leader
Formal or informal groups
Extended families
Individuals, friends
Families
MEDIA
Other sources of information
Information and communication ◦ Not the same thing ◦ Effective communication means both providing
information to the right people, at the right time, in the most effective way through the use of credible sources and ensuring through feedback mechanisms that the message is correctly understood and acted upon
Thank you
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